{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:58:16Z","timestamp":1792591096746,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD060563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD060563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Learn Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T23:01:56Z","timestamp":1580338916000},"page":"301-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Outcome expectancy and suboptimal risky choice in nonhuman primates"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Beran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.04.013","volume":"157","author":"R Alba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alba, R., Rodr\u00edguez, W., Mart\u00ednez, M., & Ordu\u00f1a, V. (2018). Rats\u2019 preferences in the suboptimal choice procedure: Evaluating the impact of reinforcement probability and conditioned inhibitors. Behavioural Processes, 157, 574-582.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(03)00150-5","volume":"64","author":"SM Alessi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alessi, S. M., & Petry, N. M. (2003). Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure. Behavioural Processes, 64, 345-354.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"D Bates","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., Christensen, R. H. B., Singmann, H., \u2026 Bolker, M. B. (2016). Package \u2018lme4\u2019. In R Package Version 1. 1\u201310.","journal-title":"In R Package Version"},{"key":"406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1994.62-353","volume":"62","author":"TW Belke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Belke, T. W., & Spetch, M. L. (1994). Choice between reliable and unreliable reinforcement alternatives revisited: Preference for unreliable reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 353-366.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR5","first-page":"303","volume":"40","author":"MJ Beran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beran, M. J., Perdue, B. M., & Smith, J. D. (2014). What are my chances? Closing the gap in uncertainty monitoring between rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 303-316.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.05.023","volume":"142","author":"MJ Beran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beran, M. J., Perdue, B. M., Futch, S. E., Smith, J. D., Evans, T. A., & Parrish, A. E. (2015). Go when you know: Chimpanzees\u2019 confidence movements reflect their responses in a computerized memory task. Cognition, 142, 236-246.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR7","first-page":"32","volume":"42","author":"MJ Beran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beran, M. J., Perdue, B. M., Church, B. A., & Smith, J. D. (2016). Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) modulate their use of an uncertainty response depending on risk. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 42, 32-43.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612458936","volume":"24","author":"MJ Beran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beran, M. J., Smith, J. D., & Perdue, B. M. (2013). Language-trained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) name what they have seen but look first at what they have not seen. Psychological Science, 24, 660-666.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.12.004","volume":"135","author":"EK Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown, E. K., Templer, V. L., & Hampton, R. R. (2017). An assessment of domain-general metacognitive responding in rhesus monkeys. Behavioural Processes, 135, 132-144.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s100710100078","volume":"3","author":"J Call","year":"2001","unstructured":"Call, J., & Carpenter, M. (2001). Do apes and children know what they have seen? Animal Cognition, 3, 207-220.","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.013","volume":"320","author":"JJ Chow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chow, J. J., Smith, A. P., Wilson, A. G., Zentall, T. R., & Beckmann, J. S. (2017). Suboptimal choice in rats: Incentive salience attribution promotes maladaptive decision-making. Behavioural Brain Research, 320, 244-254.","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"406_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"PJ Cunningham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham, P. J., & Shahan, T. A. (2018). Suboptimal choice, reward-predictive signals, and temporal information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 44, 1-22.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR13","unstructured":"Cunningham, P. J., & Shahan, T. A. (2019). Rats engage in suboptimal choice when the delay to food is sufficiently long. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-014-0783-7","volume":"18","author":"F De Petrillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Petrillo, F., Ventricelli, M., Ponsi, G., & Addessi, E. (2015). Do tufted capuchin monkeys play the odds? Flexible risk preferences in Sapajus spp. Animal Cognition, 18, 119-130.","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1972.18-79","volume":"18","author":"JA Dinsmoor","year":"1972","unstructured":"Dinsmoor, J. A., Browne, M. P., & Lawrence, C. E. (1972). A test of the negative discriminative stimulus as a reinforcer of observing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 79-85.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2003.36-449","volume":"36","author":"MR Dixon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., & Jacobs, E. A. (2003). Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 449-458.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1990.53-201","volume":"53","author":"R Dunn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dunn, R., & Spetch, M. L. (1990). Choice with uncertain outcomes: Conditioned reinforcement effects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 201-218.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.2.590","volume":"40","author":"TA Evans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evans, T. A., Beran, M. J., Chan, B., Klein, E. D., & Menzel, C. R. (2008). An efficient computerized testing method for the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella): Adaptation of the LRC-CTS to a socially housed nonhuman primate species. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 590-596.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1979.32-335","volume":"32","author":"E Fantino","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fantino, E., Dunn, R., & Meck, W. (1979). Percentage reinforcement and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 335-340.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000079","volume":"131","author":"I Fortes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortes, I., Machado, A., & Vasconcelos, M. (2017). Do pigeons (Columba livia) use information about the absence of food appropriately? A further look into suboptimal choice. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 131, 277-289.","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"key":"406_CR21","first-page":"336","volume":"42","author":"I Fortes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fortes, I., Vasconcelos, M., & Machado, A. (2016). Testing the boundaries of \u201cparadoxical\u201d predictions: Pigeons do disregard bad news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 42, 336-346.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790942","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"A Gelman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006). Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press University Press."},{"key":"406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3758\/LB.37.4.289","volume":"37","author":"CD Gipson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gipson, C. D., Alessandri, J. J., Miller, H. C., & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Preference for 50% reinforcement over 75% reinforcement by pigeons. Learning & Behavior, 37, 289-298.","journal-title":"Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR24","first-page":"17","volume":"4","author":"RR Hampton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hampton, R. R. (2009). Multiple demonstrations of metacognition in nonhumans: Converging evidence or multiple mechanisms? Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 4, 17-28.","journal-title":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews"},{"key":"406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-004-0215-1","volume":"7","author":"RR Hampton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hampton, R. R., Zivin, A., & Murray, E. A. (2004). Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) discriminate between knowing and not knowing and collect information as needed before acting. Animal Cognition, 7, 239-246.","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/h0062474","volume":"56","author":"HF Harlow","year":"1949","unstructured":"Harlow, H. F. (1949). The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review, 56, 51\u201365.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"406_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heilbronner, S. R., & Hayden, B. (2013). Contextual factors explain risk-seeking preferences in rhesus monkeys. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 7.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2013.00007","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00007"},{"key":"406_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.239","volume":"107","author":"JE Hinnenkamp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hinnenkamp, J. E., Shahan, T. A., & Madden, G. J. (2017). How suboptimal is suboptimal choice? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 107, 136-150.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.7771\/1932-6246.1167","volume":"7","author":"AF Jarosz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarosz, A. F., & Wiley, J. (2014). What are the odds? A practical guide to computing and reporting Bayes factors. The Journal of Problem Solving, 7, 2-9.","journal-title":"The Journal of Problem Solving"},{"key":"406_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.4.402","volume":"36","author":"A Kacelnik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kacelnik, A., & Bateson, M. (1996). Risky theories\u2014the effects of variance on foraging decisions. American Zoologist, 36, 402-434.","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"406_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.09.034","volume":"86","author":"A Kacelnik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kacelnik, A., & El Mouden, C. (2013). Triumphs and trials of the risk paradigm. Animal Behaviour, 86, 1117-1129.","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"406_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1974.21-463","volume":"21","author":"SB Kendall","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kendall, S. B. (1974). Preference for intermittent reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 463-473.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01850.x","volume":"18","author":"N Kornell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kornell, N., Son, L. K., & Terrace, H. S. (2007). Transfer of metacognitive skills and hint seeking in monkeys. Psychological Science, 18, 64-71.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"406_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2000.33-533","volume":"33","author":"JS Lalli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lalli, J. S., Mauro, B. C., & Mace, F. C. (2000). Preference for unreliable reinforcement in children with mental retardation: The role of conditioned reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 533-544.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"406_CR35","first-page":"2","volume":"40","author":"JR Laude","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laude, J. R., Beckmann, J. S., Daniels, C. W., & Zentall, T. R. (2014a). Impulsivity affects suboptimal gambling-like choice by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 2-11.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR36","first-page":"12","volume":"40","author":"JR Laude","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laude, J. R., Stagner, J. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2014b). Suboptimal choice by pigeons may result from the diminishing effect of nonreinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 12-21.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR37","unstructured":"Lenth, R. (2018). Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version, 1."},{"key":"406_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00100","volume":"8","author":"J Linnet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linnet, J. (2014). Neurobiological underpinnings of reward anticipation and outcome evaluation in gambling disorder. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 56-60.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"406_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9244-2","volume":"28","author":"J Linnet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Linnet, J., Fr\u00f8slev, M., Ramsgaard, S., Gebauer, L., Mouridsen, K., & Wohlert, V. (2012). Impaired probability estimation and decision-making in pathological gambling poker players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28, 113-122.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"406_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.06.012","volume":"142","author":"M Mart\u00ednez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, M., Alba, R., Rodr\u00edguez, W., & Ordu\u00f1a, V. (2017). Incentive salience attribution is not the sole determinant of suboptimal choice in rats: Conditioned inhibition matters. Behavioural Processes, 142, 99-105.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.192","volume":"105","author":"MA McDevitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDevitt, M. A., Dunn, R. M., Spetch, M. L., & Ludvig, E. A. (2016). When good news leads to bad choices. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 105, 23-40.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1997.68-317","volume":"68","author":"MA McDevitt","year":"1997","unstructured":"McDevitt, M. A., Spetch, M. L., & Dunn, R. (1997). Contiguity and conditioned reinforcement in probabilistic choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 317-327.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2001.75-165","volume":"75","author":"MA McDevitt","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDevitt, M. A., & Williams, B. A. (2001). Effects of signaled versus unsignaled delay of reinforcement on choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 75, 165-182.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868314530517","volume":"18","author":"S Mishra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mishra, S. (2014). Decision-making under risk: Integrating perspectives from biology, economics, and psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 280\u2013 307.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"406_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-012-0065-7","volume":"40","author":"M Molet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Molet, M., Miller, H. C., Laude, J. R., Kirk, C., Manning, B., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Decision making by humans in a behavioral task: Do humans, like pigeons, show suboptimal choice? Learning & Behavior, 40, 439-447.","journal-title":"Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.03.024","volume":"152","author":"A Ojeda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ojeda, A., Murphy, R. A., & Kacelnik, A. (2018). Paradoxical choice in rats: Subjective valuation and mechanism of choice. Behavioural Processes, 152, 73-80.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00033","volume":"8","author":"F Paglieri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paglieri, F., Addessi, E., De Petrillo, F., Laviola, G., Mirolli, M., Parisi, D., Petrosino, G., Ventricelli, M., Zoratto, F., & Adriani, W. (2014). Nonhuman gamblers: Lessons from rodents, primates, and robots. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 22-60.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"406_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-014-0135-0","volume":"42","author":"BM Perdue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perdue, B. M., Evans, T. A., Washburn, D. A., Rumbaugh, D. M., & Beran, M. J. (2014). Do monkeys choose to choose? Learning & Behavior, 42, 164-175.","journal-title":"Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.177","volume":"104","author":"JM Pisklak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pisklak, J. M., McDevitt, M. A., Dunn, R. M., & Spetch, M. L. (2015). When good pigeons make bad decisions: Choice with probabilistic delays and outcomes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 104, 241-251.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203132","volume":"22","author":"WK Richardson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Richardson, W. K., Washburn, D. A., Hopkins, W. D., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1990). The NASA\/LRC computerized test system. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 22, 127-131.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"key":"406_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2234-8","volume":"71","author":"K Sayers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sayers, K., & Menzel, C. R. (2017). Risk sensitivity, phylogenetic reconstruction, and four chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 71, 26.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"406_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.26451\/abc.05.01.05.2018","volume":"5","author":"TR Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, T. R., Smith, J. D., & Beran, M. J. (2018). Not knowing what one knows: A meaningful failure of metacognition in capuchin monkeys. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 5, 55-67.","journal-title":"Animal Behavior and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0366","volume":"367","author":"JD Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith, J. D., Couchman, J. J., & Beran, M. J. (2012). The highs and lows of theoretical interpretation in animal-metacognition research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367, 1297-1309.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"406_CR54","first-page":"40","volume":"4","author":"JD Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith, J. D., Beran, M. J., Couchman, J. J., Coutinho, M. V., & Boomer, J. B. (2009). Animal metacognition: Problems and prospects, Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 4, 40-55.","journal-title":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews"},{"key":"406_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033105","volume":"128","author":"JD Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, J. D., Couchman, J. J., & Beran, M. J. (2014). Animal metacognition: A tale of two comparative psychologies. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 128, 115-131.","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"key":"406_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-017-0270-5","volume":"45","author":"TR Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, T. R., Beran, M. J., & Young, M. E. (2017). Gambling in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): The effect of cues signaling risky choice outcomes. Learning & Behavior, 45, 288-299.","journal-title":"Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR57","unstructured":"Smith, T. R., Parrish, A., Creamer, C., Rossettie, M., & Beran, M. J. (under review). Capuchin monkeys (sometimes) go when they know: Confidence movements in Sapajus apella. Cognition."},{"key":"406_CR58","first-page":"212","volume":"42","author":"AP Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith, A. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2016). Suboptimal choice in pigeons: Choice is primarily based on the value of the conditioned reinforcer rather than overall reinforcement rate. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 42, 212-220.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1990.53-219","volume":"53","author":"ML Spetch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spetch, M. L., Belke, T. W., Barnet, R. C., Dunn, R., & Pierce, W. D. (1990). Suboptimal choice in a percentage-reinforcement procedure: Effects of signal condition and terminal-link length. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 219-234.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1987.47-57","volume":"47","author":"ML Spetch","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spetch, M. L., & Dunn, R. (1987). Choice between reliable and unreliable outcomes: Mixed percentage-reinforcement in concurrent chains. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 57-72.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"406_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2011.09.001","volume":"42","author":"JP Stagner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stagner, J. P., Laude, J. R., & Zentall, T. R. (2011). Sub-optimal choice in pigeons does not depend on avoidance of the stimulus associated with the absence of reinforcement. Learning and Motivation, 42, 282-287.","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"406_CR62","first-page":"446","volume":"38","author":"JP Stagner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stagner, J. P., Laude, J. R., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli independently of the overall probability of reinforcement and of the number of presentations of the conditioned reinforcer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 446-452.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"406_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.17.3.412","volume":"17","author":"JP Stagner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stagner, J. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2010). Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 412-416.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"406_CR64","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory","author":"A Tomie","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tomie, A., Brooks, W., & Zito, B. (1989). Sign-tracking: The search for reward. In S. B. Klein & R. R. Mowrer (Eds.), Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory (pp. 191\u2013223). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"406_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2015.07.010","volume":"119","author":"RE Trujano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trujano, R. E., & Ordu\u00f1a, V. (2015). Rats are optimal in a choice task in which pigeons are not. Behavioural Processes, 119, 22-27.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.030","volume":"71","author":"RJ van Holst","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Holst, R. J., Veltman, D. J., B\u00fcchel, C., van den Brink, W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012). Distorted expectancy coding in problem gambling: Is the addictive in the anticipation? Biological Psychiatry, 71, 741-748.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"406_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.03.023","volume":"152","author":"M Vasconcelos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, M., Machado, A., & Pandeirada, J. N. (2018). Ultimate explanations and suboptimal choice. Behavioural Processes, 152, 63-72.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"406_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13874","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13874","volume":"5","author":"M Vasconcelos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, M., Monteiro, T., & Kacelnik, A. (2015). Irrational choice and the value of information. Scientific Reports, 5, 13874.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"406_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194105","volume":"14","author":"EJ Wagenmakers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagenmakers, E. J. (2007). A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 779-804.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"406_CR70","first-page":"123","volume":"17","author":"DA Washburn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Washburn, D. A., Hopkins, W. D., & Rumbaugh, D. M. (1991). Perceived control in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Enhanced video-task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 17, 123-129.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"406_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1201-4","volume":"163","author":"J Woods","year":"2002","unstructured":"Woods, J., & Winger, G. (2002). Observing responses maintained by stimuli associated with cocaine or remifentanil reinforcement in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 163, 345-351.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"406_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053932","volume":"59","author":"LB Wyckoff Jr","year":"1952","unstructured":"Wyckoff Jr, L. B. (1952). The role of observing responses in discrimination learning. Part I. Psychological Review, 59, 431-442.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"406_CR73","first-page":"258","volume":"5","author":"ER Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, E. R., & Kralik, J. D. (2014). Risky business: rhesus monkeys exhibit persistent preferences for risky options. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 258.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"406_CR74","first-page":"490","volume":"40","author":"AC Zakrzewski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zakrzewski, A. C., Perdue, B. M., Beran, M. J., Church, B. A., & Smith, J. D. (2014). Cashing out: The decisional flexibility of uncertainty responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and humans (Homo sapiens). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 490-501.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR75","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R. (2014). Suboptimal choice by pigeons: An analog of human gambling behavior. Behavioural Processes 103:156\u2013164."},{"key":"406_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.2284","volume":"9","author":"TR Zentall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R. (2016a). An animal model of human gambling. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9, 96-112.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychological Research"},{"key":"406_CR77","first-page":"1","volume":"42","author":"TR Zentall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R. (2016b). Resolving the paradox of suboptimal choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 42, 1-14.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition"},{"key":"406_CR78","first-page":"1203","volume":"278","author":"TR Zentall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. (2011). Maladaptive choice behaviour by pigeons: An animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behaviour). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1203-1208.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Learning &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T01:18:27Z","timestamp":1611883107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13420-019-00406-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-4494","1543-4508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-4494","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-4508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}