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Four experiments were designed to investigate how practice tests, specifically in multiple-choice and true\u2014false formats, may support comprehension. Experiments 1 and 2 compared the two practice test formats to rereading. Both formats improved performance on a final essay test in Experiment 1, but in Experiment 2, only multiple-choice practice enhanced performance on a short-answer (SA) test. Experiment 3 introduced feedback on practice tests, but found no added benefit on the final SA test, which remained consistently better for those who completed the multiple-choice as compared with the true\u2014false version of the practice test. Finally, manipulating text availability during practice tests in Experiment 4 improved performance on the final SA test. However, multiple-choice practice consistently led to better SA performance than true\u2014false, regardless of text availability. The present work illustrates that the benefits from a closed-ended practice test with multiple-choice questions can persist over a delay and transfer to a set of new comprehension questions. At the same time, the results also highlight important constraints in that subtle nuances in question design can impact the observed benefits of practice testing on learning outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-025-01726-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T10:44:50Z","timestamp":1749465890000},"page":"2580-2596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Supporting comprehension: The advantages of multiple\u2013choice over true\u2014false practice tests"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6344-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Hildenbrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654316689306","volume":"87","author":"OO Adesope","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adesope, O. 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The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago (Protocol # 2000\u20130676).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"\u00a0For all the studies reported, informed consent was obtained from all participants and responses were completely anonymous.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate\u00a0and consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors thank M. Anne Britt and Thomas\u00a0D. Griffin for their valuable feedback and discussion, and research assistants Jen Eng, Gabriella Rodriguez, and Meaghan Schmugge for assistance with scoring. Data from Experiment 1 were previously reported in Hildenbrand and Wiley (\n                      \n                      ). Portions of this work were completed as part of the first author\u2019s master\u2019s thesis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author note"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"The data for this experiment is available on OSF (\n                      \n                      ). Materials are available upon request to the authors. The experiments were not preregistered.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open practices statement"}}]}}