{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:49:47Z","timestamp":1777776587523,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mem Cogn"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reinstating context from encoding to retrieval\u00a0increases true recognition (e.g.,\u00a0testing object memory\u00a0on\u00a0reinstated versus switched background scenes), but context reinstatement also increases false recognition of similar objects (a \u201ccontext reinstatement illusion\u201d; see Doss et al.,\n                    <jats:italic>Psychological Science<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>29<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 914\u2013925, 2018). Here we report three experiments extending these context reinstatement effects to semantically associated words (i.e., the Deese\/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory task), thereby demonstrating that the context illusion generalizes beyond the object pictures used in prior work. We found robust context reinstatement effects on both true and false recognition, even though\u00a0participants\u00a0were told\u00a0that the encoding and retrieval context would not always match\u00a0(Experiments 1 and 3). Moreover, context reinstatement boosted claims of\u00a0\u201crecollecting\u201d\u00a0details, thereby boosting the typical DRM illusion.\u00a0By contrast, when we gave a stronger warning to avoid context as\u00a0misleading\u00a0(Experiment 2), context reinstatement effects on both true and false recognition were smaller and unreliable, suggesting that strategic attempts to minimize this illusion during retrieval came at the cost of context reinstatement\u2019s benefit to true recognition. Overall, our demonstration of a context reinstatement illusion using the DRM task provides another example of how context reinstatement can increase both true and false recognition. These results also provide new evidence that item-context conceptual associations can drive these misleading effects of context reinstatement during memory retrieval.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:29:33Z","timestamp":1777487373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Context reinstatement increases true and false recognition of associated words: Evidence from the Deese\/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion"],"prefix":"10.3758","author":[{"given":"Asia","family":"Bayoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benton H.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.32.4.699","volume":"32","author":"JR Brockmole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006). Contextual cueing in naturalistic scenes: Global and local contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(4), 699\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.32.4.699","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"1892_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0289079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289079","volume":"18","author":"M Chochol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chochol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, M., Ju\u0159\u00edk, V., Ru\u017ei\u010dkov\u00e1, A., Jurkovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Ugwitz, P., & Jel\u00ednek, M. (2023). Context-dependent memory recall in HMD-based immersive virtual environments. PLoS One, 18(8), e0289079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289079","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210740","volume":"3","author":"SE Clark","year":"1996","unstructured":"Clark, S. E., & Gronlund, S. D. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(1), 37\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046671","volume":"58","author":"J Deese","year":"1959","unstructured":"Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046671","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617749534","volume":"29","author":"MK Doss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doss, M. K., Picart, J., & Gallo, D. A. (2018). The dark side of context: Context reinstatement can distort memory. Psychological Science, 29(6), 914\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797617749534","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.08.007","volume":"5","author":"MK Doss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doss, M. K., Weafer, J., Gallo, D. A., & de Wit, H. (2020). \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol during encoding impairs perceptual details yet spares context effects on episodic memory. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 5(1), 110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.08.007","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging"},{"key":"1892_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulkenberry, T. J. (2022). Psychological statistics: The basics. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003181828"},{"key":"1892_CR8","unstructured":"Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks. Psychology Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"1892_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03196124","volume":"31","author":"DA Gallo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallo, D. A., & Roediger, H. L. (2003). The effects of associations and aging on illusory recollection. Memory & Cognition, 31(7), 1036\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03196124","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1892_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.2.339","volume":"27","author":"DA Gallo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gallo, D. A., McDermott, K. B., Percer, J. M., & Roediger, H. L. (2001). Modality effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 27(2), 339\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.27.2.339","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"1892_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196194","volume":"8","author":"DA Gallo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gallo, D. A., Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (2001). Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(3), 579\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196194","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.6.625","volume":"20","author":"DA Gallo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallo, D. A., Shahid, K. R., Olson, M. A., Solomon, T. M., Schacter, D. L., & Budson, A. E. (2006). Overdependence on degraded gist memory in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychology, 20(6), 625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.20.6.625","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1892_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197590","volume":"7","author":"AM Glenberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Glenberg, A. M. (1979). Component-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 7(2), 95\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03197590","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"1892_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x","volume":"66","author":"D Godden","year":"1975","unstructured":"Godden, D., & Baddeley, A. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193095","volume":"14","author":"V Gruppuso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruppuso, V., Lindsay, D. S., & Masson, M. E. J. (2007). I\u2019d know that face anywhere! Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1085\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193095","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"1892_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2014.01.001","volume":"72","author":"M Hanczakowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanczakowski, M., Zawadzka, K., & Coote, L. (2014). Context reinstatement in recognition: Memory and beyond. Journal of Memory and Language, 72, 85\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2014.01.001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"1892_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-014-0502-2","volume":"43","author":"M Hanczakowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanczakowski, M., Zawadzka, K., & Macken, W. J. (2015). Continued effects of context reinstatement in recognition. Memory & Cognition, 43(5), 788\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-014-0502-2","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"1892_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.2031","volume":"17","author":"SM Hayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes, S. M., Nadel, L., & Ryan, L. (2007). The effect of scene context on episodic object recognition: Parahippocampal cortex mediates memory encoding and retrieval success. Hippocampus, 17(9), 873\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.2031","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"7","key":"1892_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3758\/mc.36.7.1351","volume":"36","author":"WE Hockley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hockley, W. E. (2008). The picture superiority effect in associative recognition. Memory & Cognition, 36(7), 1351\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/mc.36.7.1351","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.19.6.1235","volume":"132","author":"Y Jang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang, Y., & Kuper, K. E. (2019). Environmental context and false recognition: Evidence from the remember\/know procedure. The American Journal of Psychology, 132(1), 71\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.19.6.1235","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3758\/mc.36.1.82","volume":"36","author":"BP Kurilla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurilla, B. P., & Westerman, D. L. (2008). Processing fluency affects subjective claims of recollection. Memory & Cognition, 36(1), 82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/mc.36.1.82","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1892_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurilla, B.P., Westerman, D.L. (2011). Inferential processes in subjective reports of recollection. In: Higham, P.A., Leboe, J.P. (eds) Constructions of remembering and metacognition. Palgrave Macmillan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9780230305281_7","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230305281_7"},{"issue":"5","key":"1892_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.31.5.954","volume":"31","author":"JM Lampinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lampinen, J. M., Meier, C. R., Arnal, J. D., & Leding, J. K. (2005). Compelling untruths: Content borrowing and vivid false memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(5), 954\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.31.5.954","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"13","key":"1892_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001502","volume":"31","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, H., Gao, Q., Zheng, L., Wu, Y., Wang, C., Weng, X., & Guo, X. (2020). The neural correlates of context retrieval in false recognition. Neuroreport, 31(13), 966\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001502","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"1892_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2024.2314979liu","volume":"32","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, H., Wang, J., Gao, Q., Lu, Y., Wang, C., Zheng, L., Li, L., & Guo, X. (2024). The effects of forewarning and divided attention on context retrieval in false recognition. Memory (Hove, England), 32(2), 111\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2024.2314979liu","journal-title":"Memory (Hove, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3718","volume":"34","author":"KM Lukasik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lukasik, K. M., Kordynska, K. K., Zawadzka, K., & Hanczakowski, M. (2020). How to answer an unanswerable question? Factors affecting correct \u201cdon\u2019t know\u201d responding in memory tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(6), 1300\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.3718","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.28.1.153","volume":"28","author":"WJ Macken","year":"2002","unstructured":"Macken, W. J. (2002). Environmental context and recognition: The role of recollection and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.28.1.153","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1892_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196739","volume":"11","author":"DP McCabe","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCabe, D. P., Presmanes, A. G., Robertson, C. L., & Smith, A. D. (2004). Item-specific processing reduces false memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 1074\u20131079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196739","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"1892_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527","volume":"146","author":"A Mecklinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mecklinger, A., & Bader, R. (2020). From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering. Neuropsychologia, 146, 107527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1892_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2023.107861","volume":"206","author":"J Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao, J., Weigl, M., Kong, N., Zhao, M. F., Mecklinger, A., Zheng, Z., & Li, J. (2023). Electrophysiological evidence for context reinstatement effects on object recognition memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 206, 107861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlm.2023.107861","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"1892_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.109014","volume":"204","author":"J Miao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miao, J., Liu, X., Zheng, Z., Weigl, M., Cui, X., Zhu, X., Liu, X., & Li, J. (2024). Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for preserved specific associative episodic memory in older adults. Neuropsychologia, 204, 109014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.109014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1892_CR32","unstructured":"Miller, N., Chamberlain, T., & Gallo, D. A. (2022). Cognitive mechanisms underlying a contextual-based memory illusion. Talk presented at the 94th Annual meeting of the midwestern psychological association, Chicago"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.4.403","volume":"128","author":"KS Murnane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murnane, K. S., Phelps, M. P., & Malmberg, K. J. (1999). Context-dependent recognition memory: The ICE theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(4), 403\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.128.4.403","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"7","key":"1892_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2017.1317264","volume":"29","author":"M Niezna\u0144ski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niezna\u0144ski, M., & Tkaczyk, D. (2017). Effects of pictorial context reinstatement on correct and false recognition memory: Insights from the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29(7), 866\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20445911.2017.1317264","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"1892_CR35","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, M. (2017). Comparing the cognitive mechanisms of false memories with the Misinformation and DRM Paradigms [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech]. ETDs: Virginia Tech Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/items\/ec12089c-07d0-4769-bc24-1a73ce00610b"},{"key":"1892_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85627-2","volume":"11","author":"M Racsm\u00e1ny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Racsm\u00e1ny, M., Bencze, D., Pajkossy, P., et al. (2021). Irrelevant background context decreases mnemonic discrimination and increases false memory. Scientific Reports, 11, 6204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85627-2","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211168","volume":"21","author":"S Rajaram","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21(1), 89\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03211168","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.26.4.1070","volume":"26","author":"S Rajaram","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rajaram, S., & Geraci, L. (2000). Conceptual fluency selectively influences knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 26(4), 1070\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.26.4.1070","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1892_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0005","volume":"35","author":"HL Roediger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roediger, H. L. (1996). Memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 76\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmla.1996.0005","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.803","volume":"21","author":"HL Roediger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21(4), 803\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.803","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2011.04.008","volume":"65","author":"JM Scimeca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scimeca, J. M., McDonough, I. M., & Gallo, D. A. (2011). Quality trumps quantity at reducing memory errors: Implications for retrieval monitoring and mirror effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 65(4), 363\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2011.04.008","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"1892_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03196157","volume":"8","author":"SM Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03196157","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03197465","volume":"6","author":"SM Smith","year":"1978","unstructured":"Smith, S. M., Glenberg, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Environmental context and human memory. Memory & Cognition, 6(4), 342\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03197465","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1892_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105287","volume":"230","author":"\u00c1 Sz\u0151ll\u0151si","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sz\u0151ll\u0151si, \u00c1., Pajkossy, P., Bencze, D., Mari\u00e1n, M., & Racsm\u00e1ny, M. (2023). Litmus test of rich episodic representations: Context-induced false recognition. Cognition, 230, 105287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105287","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1892_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2018.1513041","volume":"27","author":"J Tamminen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamminen, J., & Mebude, M. (2019). Reinstatement of odour context cues veridical memories but not false memories. Memory, 27(4), 575\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2018.1513041","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"3","key":"1892_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016575","volume":"24","author":"A Thapar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thapar, A., & Westerman, D. L. (2009). Aging and fluency-based illusions in recognition memory. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 595\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016575","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080017","volume":"26","author":"E Tulving","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie canadienne, 26(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0080017","journal-title":"Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie canadienne"},{"issue":"5","key":"1892_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020071","volume":"80","author":"E Tulving","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0020071","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2016.1256371","volume":"24","author":"EV Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward, E. V., Maylor, E. A., Poirier, M., Korko, M., & Ruud, J. C. M. (2016). A benefit of context reinstatement to recognition memory in aging: The role of familiarity processes. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 24(6), 735\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2016.1256371","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"1892_CR50","first-page":"1235","volume":"19","author":"BWA Whittlesea","year":"1993","unstructured":"Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19(6), 1235\u20131253.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1892_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.1.14","volume":"27","author":"BW Whittlesea","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whittlesea, B. W., & Williams, L. D. (2001). The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: II. Expectation, uncertainty, surprise, and feelings of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(1), 14\u201333.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"1892_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2018.1512632","volume":"27","author":"JA Woods","year":"2019","unstructured":"Woods, J. A., & Dewhurst, S. A. (2019). Putting false memories into context: The effects of odour contexts on correct and false recall. Memory, 27(3), 379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2018.1512632","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1413","key":"1892_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0939","volume":"356","author":"AP Yonelinas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 356(1413), 1363\u20131374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2001.0939","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"1892_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2002.2864","volume":"46","author":"AP Yonelinas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmla.2002.2864","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"34","key":"1892_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1995.1028","volume":"1995","author":"AP Yonelinas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1995). The relation between remembering and knowing as bases for recognition: Effects of size congruency. Journal of Memory and Language., 1995(34), 622\u2013643.","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language."},{"issue":"11","key":"1892_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20864","volume":"20","author":"AP Yonelinas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yonelinas, A. P., Aly, M., Wang, W., & Koen, J. D. (2010). Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions. Hippocampus, 20(11), 1178\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.20864","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"1892_CR57","unstructured":"Yu, C., Miller, N., Chamberlain, T., & Gallo, D. A. (2020, November 19-22). Revisiting the dark side of context: Extending the context illusion on memory to older adults [Poster presentation]. Virtual Psychonomics 2020. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.psychonomic.org\/resource\/resmgr\/annual_meeting\/2020_meeting\/2020_abstract_book\/ps20_abstracts_11_19_2020.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1892_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001391","volume":"50","author":"O Zaborowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaborowska, O., Kuhlmann, B. G., Zawadzka, K., & Hanczakowski, M. (2024). When confidence reveals more than recognition performance does: The case of context load. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 50(11), 1722\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0001391","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition"}],"container-title":["Memory &amp; Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:29:37Z","timestamp":1777487377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["1892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01892-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-502X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5946","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by East Texas A&M University Institutional Review Board, IRB approval code #2612.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided their consent for the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}