{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:54:45Z","timestamp":1790736885533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mem Cogn"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research shows that remembering repeated events differs from remembering single events, yet little research has examined suggestibility in adults\u2019 memory for repeated events. In the present experiment, we investigated the effects of eyewitness misinformation and the role of a warning against misinformation in a repeated-event scenario. We examined how different types of misinformation \u2013 entirely new items versus items present in non-target instances \u2013 influence reporting. Three hundred and nine participants watched four surveillance-mission videos that shared a general story structure but differed in key details. Participants were later exposed to pieces of misinformation in a video narrative of someone else reporting the first mission. Reporting was measured using free recall, cued recall, and recognition. We replicated the standard misinformation effect in the repeated-event context. We found that the warning reduced misinformation reporting, but the effect was present only in the recognition task. Based on the source-monitoring framework, we expected it would be easier to resist external (entirely new) misinformation than misinformation consistent with what was present in non-target instances, and this was also true. The warning\u2019s lack of efficacy may be accounted for in two ways. First, the inherent difficulty of attributing details to specific instances of repeated events may have overshadowed the potential effects of the warning. Second, ours was a general warning; it\u00a0might not have been strong enough to restore an adequate understanding of a memory task distorted by misinformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:45:52Z","timestamp":1790689552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Misinformation resistance in memory reports of one instance of a repeated event: Post-warnings reduce misinformation endorsement in recognition"],"prefix":"10.3758","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Smo\u0142ka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9790-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Rub\u00ednov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","volume":"68","author":"DJ Barr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/741943086","volume":"6","author":"H Blank","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blank, H. (1998). Memory states and memory tasks: An integrative framework for eyewitness memory and suggestibility. Memory, 6(5), 481\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/741943086","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335.40.3.164","volume":"40","author":"H Blank","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blank, H. (2009). Remembering: A theoretical interface between memory and social psychology. Social Psychology, 40(3), 164\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-9335.40.3.164","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2021.08.001","volume":"11","author":"H Blank","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blank, H., Panday, A., Edwards, R., Skopicz-Radkiewicz, E., Gibson, V., & Reddy, V. (2022). Double misinformation: Effects on eyewitness remembering. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(1), 97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jarmac.2021.08.001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101798","volume":"3","author":"H Blank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blank, H., & Launay, C. (2014). How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0101798","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"1948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-025-01729-6","volume":"53","author":"OR Bontkes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bontkes, O. R., Palombo, D. J., & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E. (2025a). Similarity is associated with where repeated-event memories fall on the semantic\u2013episodic continuum. Memory & Cognition., 53(8), 2635\u20132654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-025-01729-6","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition."},{"key":"1948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bontkes, O. R, Palombo, D., & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E. (2025b, June). Where do memories of repeated events, single instances, and unique events fall on the semantic-episodic continuum? Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Kildare, IR.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/rw49j_v2"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210600590302","volume":"14","author":"WF Brewer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brewer, W. F., & Sampaio, C. (2006). Processes leading to confidence and accuracy in sentence recognition: A metamemory approach. Memory, 14(5), 540\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658210600590302","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.12.1.11","volume":"12","author":"N Brewer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brewer, N., & Wells, G. L. (2006). The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: Effects of lineup instructions, foil similarity, and target-absent base rates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(1), 11\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-898X.12.1.11","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"1948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrobak, Q. M., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2013). The misinformation effect: Past research and recent advances. In A. M. Ridley, F. Gabbert, & D. J. La Rooy (Eds.), Suggestibility in legal contexts: Psychological research and forensic implications (pp. 21\u201344). Wiley Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118432907.ch2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0720(200103\/04)15:2<205::AID-ACP698>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"15","author":"DA Connolly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Connolly, D. A., & Lindsay, D. S. (2001). The influence of suggestions on children\u2019s reports of a unique experience versus an instance of a repeated experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(2), 205\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1099-0720(200103\/04)15:2%3c205::AID-ACP698%3e3.0.CO;2-F","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR12","first-page":"142","volume":"18","author":"J Costermans","year":"1992","unstructured":"Costermans, J., Lories, G., & Ansay, C. (1992). Confidence level and feeling of knowing in question answering: The weight of inferential processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 142\u2013150.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deck, S. L., Brubacher, S. P., & Powell, M. B. (2026). Children\u2019s memory for repeated events in child maltreatment investigations. In G. S. Goodman, T. D. Lyon, S. D. Hobbs, & R. Enriquez (Eds.), Handbook on child witnesses: Improving psychological science and legal practice (pp. 77\u201396). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000492-005","DOI":"10.1037\/0000492-005"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3736","volume":"35","author":"SL Deck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deck, S. L., & Paterson, H. M. (2021). Adults also have difficulty recalling one instance of a repeated event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 286\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.3736","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1037\/cns0000258","volume":"8","author":"Z Dienes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dienes, Z. (2021). How to use and report Bayesian hypothesis tests. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(1), 9\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cns0000258","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1266-z","volume":"25","author":"Z Dienes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Mclatchie, N. (2018). Four reasons to prefer Bayesian analyses over significance testing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 207\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-017-1266-z","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"1948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2117808","volume":"30","author":"N Dilevski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dilevski, N., Cullen, H. J., Marsh, A., Paterson, H. M., & van Golde, C. (2024). Tell me what just happened\u2019: The effect of immediate recall on adult memory for instances of a repeated event. Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(7), 773\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2117808","journal-title":"Psychology, Crime & Law"},{"key":"1948_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92903-y","volume":"15","author":"N Dilevski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dilevski, N., Cullen, H. J., & van Golde, C. (2025). Adults are just as susceptible to memory suggestibility when reporting about single and repeated events. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 9729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92903-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2020.1837031","volume":"28","author":"N Dilevski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dilevski, N., Paterson, H. M., Walker, S. A., & van Golde, C. (2021). Adult memory for specific instances of a repeated event: A preliminary review. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(5), 711\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2020.1837031","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"issue":"6","key":"1948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90379-5","volume":"19","author":"DH Dodd","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dodd, D. H., & Bradshaw, J. M. (1980). Leading questions and memory: Pragmatic constraints. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19(6), 695\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90379-5","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2007.25.3.367","volume":"25","author":"G Echterhoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Echterhoff, G., Groll, S., & Hirst, W. (2007). Tainted truth: Overcorrection for misinformation influence on eyewitness memory. Social Cognition, 25(3), 367\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2007.25.3.367","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193073","volume":"33","author":"G Echterhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Echterhoff, G., Hirst, W., & Hussy, W. (2005). How eyewitnesses resist misinformation: Social postwarnings and the monitoring of memory characteristics. Memory & Cognition, 33(5), 770\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193073","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.2307\/1129917","volume":"55","author":"R Fivush","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fivush, R. (1984). Learning about school: The development of kindergartners\u2019 school scripts. Child Development, 55(5), 1697\u20131709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1129917","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"1948_CR24","unstructured":"Fivush, R. (2002). Scripts, schemas, and memory of trauma. In N. L. Stein, P. J. Bauer, & M. Rabinowitz (Eds.), Representation, memory, and development: Essays in honor of Jean Mandler (pp. 53\u201374). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(82)90571-0","volume":"21","author":"E Greene","year":"1982","unstructured":"Greene, E., Flynn, M. S., & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 21(2), 207\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5371(82)90571-0","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-021-01223-9","volume":"50","author":"RL Greenspan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greenspan, R. L., & Loftus, E. F. (2022). What happens after debriefing? The effectiveness and benefits of postexperimental debriefing. Memory & Cognition, 50(4), 696\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-021-01223-9","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000140","volume":"23","author":"PA Higham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Higham, P. A., Blank, H., & Luna, K. (2017). Effects of postwarning specificity on memory performance and confidence in the eyewitness misinformation paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 23(4), 417\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xap0000140","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1995.1045","volume":"62","author":"S Highhouse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Highhouse, S., & Bottrill, K. V. (1995). The influence of social (mis)information on memory for behavior in an employment interview. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62(2), 220\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/obhd.1995.1045","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"1948_CR29","unstructured":"Hudson, J. A., & Mayhew, E. M. Y. (2009). The development of memory for recurring events. In M. L. Courage & N. Cowan (Eds.), The development of memory in infancy and childhood (2nd ed., pp. 69\u201391). Psychology Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(86)80004-1","volume":"1","author":"J Hudson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hudson, J., & Nelson, K. (1986). Repeated encounters of a similar kind: Effects of familiarity on children\u2019s autobiographic memory. Cognitive Development, 1(3), 253\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0885-2014(86)80004-1","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"1948_CR31","volume-title":"Theory of probability","author":"H Jeffreys","year":"1961","unstructured":"Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.4.371","volume":"117","author":"MK Johnson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., & Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(4), 371\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.117.4.371","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"1948_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.3","volume":"114","author":"MK Johnson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.3","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2021.1903508","volume":"29","author":"F Kontogianni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kontogianni, F., Rubinova, E., Hope, L., Taylor, P. J., Vrij, A., & Gabbert, F. (2021). Facilitating recall and particularisation of repeated events in adults using a multi-method interviewing format. Memory, 29(4), 471\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2021.1903508","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025648","volume":"119","author":"A Koriat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koriat, A. (2012). The self-consistency model of subjective confidence. Psychological Review, 119(1), 80\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025648","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000397","volume":"147","author":"A Koriat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koriat, A. (2018). When reality is out of focus: Can people tell whether their beliefs and judgments are correct or wrong? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(5), 613\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000397","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","volume":"8","author":"D Lakens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lakens, D. (2022). Sample size justification. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1), Article 33267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.33267","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby065","volume":"75","author":"D Lakens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lakens, D., Mclatchie, N., Isager, P. M., Scheel, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2020). Improving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests. The Journals of Gerontology: Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(1), 45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gby065","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-008-9135-y","volume":"33","author":"MR Leippe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leippe, M. R., Eisenstadt, D., & Rauch, S. M. (2009). Cueing confidence in eyewitness identifications: Influence of biased lineup instructions and pre-identification memory feedback under varying lineup conditions. Law and Human Behavior, 33(3), 194\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10979-008-9135-y","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"key":"1948_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. S. (2008). Source monitoring. In H. L. Roediger (Ed.), Cognitive psychology of memory: Vol. 2. J. Byrne (Ed.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (pp. 325\u2013348). Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370509-9.00175-3"},{"key":"1948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. S. (2014). Memory source monitoring applied. In T. J. Perfect & D. S. Lindsay (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of applied memory (pp. 59\u201375). SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294703.n4"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198473","volume":"17","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1989). The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17(3), 349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03198473","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196941","volume":"7","author":"EF Loftus","year":"1979","unstructured":"Loftus, E. F. (1979). Reactions to blatantly contradictory information. Memory & Cognition, 7(5), 368\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196941","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1948_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197083","volume":"17","author":"EF Loftus","year":"1989","unstructured":"Loftus, E. F., Donders, K., Hoffman, H. G., & Schooler, J. W. (1989). Creating new memories that are quickly accessed and confidently held. Memory & Cognition, 17, 607\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03197083","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR45","first-page":"19","volume":"4","author":"EF Loftus","year":"1978","unstructured":"Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(1), 19\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031841","volume":"91","author":"GR Loftus","year":"1971","unstructured":"Loftus, G. R. (1971). Comparison of recognition and recall in a continuous memory task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 91(2), 220\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0031841","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600001797","volume":"12","author":"K Luna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luna, K., & Migueles, M. (2009). Acceptance and confidence of central and peripheral misinformation. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, 405\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1138741600001797","journal-title":"The Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198129","volume":"2","author":"G Mandler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mandler, G., & Boeck, W. J. (1974). Retrieval processes in recognition. Memory & Cognition, 2, 613\u2013615.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"7","key":"1948_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194318","volume":"30","author":"ML Meade","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meade, M. L., & Roediger, H. L. I. I. I. (2002). Explorations in the social contagion of memory. Memory & Cognition, 30(7), 995\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03194318","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1948_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, K. J., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Source monitoring: Attributing mental experiences. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 179\u2013195). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195122657.003.0012"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309909595352","volume":"126","author":"KS Multhaup","year":"1999","unstructured":"Multhaup, K. S., De Leonardis, D. M., & Johnson, M. K. (1999). Source memory and eyewitness suggestibility in older adults. The Journal of General Psychology, 126(1), 74\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221309909595352","journal-title":"The Journal of General Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210344000134","volume":"12","author":"A Nied\u017awie\u0144ska","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nied\u017awie\u0144ska, A. (2004). Metamemory knowledge and the accuracy of flashbulb memories. Memory, 12(5), 603\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658210344000134","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1443","volume":"23","author":"G Odinot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odinot, G., Wolters, G., & Lavender, T. (2008). Repeated partial eyewitness questioning causes confidence inflation but not retrieval- induced forgetting. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(1), 90\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.1443","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.07.009","volume":"125","author":"A Oeberst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oeberst, A., & Blank, H. (2012). Undoing suggestive influence on memory: The reversibility of the eyewitness misinformation effect. Cognition, 125(2), 141\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.07.009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/cns0000137","volume":"4","author":"MM Pena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pena, M. M., Klemfuss, J. Z., Loftus, E. F., & Mindthoff, A. (2017). The effects of exposure to differing amounts of misinformation and source credibility perception on source monitoring and memory accuracy. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(4), 337\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cns0000137","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"1948_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(199610)10:5<371::AID-ACP389>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"10","author":"TJ Perfect","year":"1996","unstructured":"Perfect, T. J., & Hollins, T. S. (1996). Predictive feeling of knowing judgements and postdictive confidence judgements in eyewitness memory and general knowledge. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 371\u2013382.","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.144","volume":"78","author":"TJ Perfect","year":"1993","unstructured":"Perfect, T. J., Watson, E. L., & Wagstaff, G. (1993). Accuracy of confidence ratings associated with general knowledge and eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 144\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2307\/1418315","volume":"61","author":"L Postman","year":"1948","unstructured":"Postman, L., Jenkins, W. O., & Postman, D. L. (1948). An experimental comparison of active recall and recognition. The American Journal of Psychology, 61, 511\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1418315","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.801","volume":"16","author":"MB Powell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Powell, M. B., & Roberts, K. P. (2002). The effect of repeated experience on children\u2019s suggestibility across two question types. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(4), 367\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.801","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1948_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.6.1462","volume":"35","author":"MB Powell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Powell, M. B., Roberts, K. P., Ceci, S. J., & Hembrooke, H. (1999). The effects of repeated experience on children\u2019s suggestibility. Developmental Psychology, 35(6), 1462\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.35.6.1462","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1299","volume":"21","author":"MB Powell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Powell, M. B., Roberts, K. P., Thomson, D. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2007). The impact of experienced versus non-experienced suggestions on children\u2019s recall of repeated events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(5), 649\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.1299","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1948_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1059","volume":"18","author":"HL Price","year":"2004","unstructured":"Price, H. L., & Connolly, D. A. (2004). Event frequency and children\u2019s suggestibility: A study of cued recall responses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(7), 809\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.1059","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037907","volume":"122","author":"DC Rubin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rubin, D. C., & Umanath, S. (2015). Event memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical, and fictional events. Psychological Review, 122(1), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037907","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12449","volume":"112","author":"E Rub\u00ednov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E., Blank, H., Koppel, J., & Ost, J. (2021). Schema and deviation effects in remembering repeated unfamiliar stories. British Journal of Psychology (London, England: 1953), 112(1), 180\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjop.12449","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology (London, England: 1953)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-022-01300-7","volume":"51","author":"E Rub\u00ednov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E., & Kontogianni, F. (2023). Sources and destinations of misattributions in recall of instances of repeated events. Memory & Cognition, 51(1), 188\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-022-01300-7","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"1948_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218261420154","author":"E Rub\u00ednov\u00e1","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E., Price, H. L., & Brubacher, S. P. (2026a). Prior knowledge and the recall of single events and instances of repeated events: A registered report. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470218261420154","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"1948_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E., Rincon Chong, A., & Surapaneni, M. (2026, July 30). Greater reporting of internal than external misinformation in repeated events reflects increased familiarity and suggestibility. Retrieved from osf.io\/preprints\/psyarxiv\/mxzws_v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/mxzws_v1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/mxzws_v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01081-x","volume":"49","author":"M Saraiva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saraiva, M., Garrido, M. V., & Albuquerque, P. B. (2021). Emergence and transmission of misinformation in the context of social interactions. Memory & Cognition, 49(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-020-01081-x","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2013.09.001","volume":"2","author":"A Scoboria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scoboria, A., Memon, A., Trang, H., & Frey, M. (2013). Improving responding to questioning using a brief retrieval training. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(4), 210\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jarmac.2013.09.001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"1948_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203781036","volume-title":"Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures","author":"RC Schank","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Psychology Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203781036"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-024-09396-9","volume":"19","author":"BL Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz, B. L. (2024). Inferential theories of retrospective confidence. Metacognition and Learning, 19(3), 907\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11409-024-09396-9","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735618817925","volume":"48","author":"BL Schwartz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwartz, B. L., Peynircio\u011flu, Z. F., & Tatz, J. R. (2020). Effect of processing fluency on metamemory for written music in piano players. Psychology of Music, 48(5), 693\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735618817925","journal-title":"Psychology of Music"},{"issue":"8","key":"1948_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2132247","volume":"30","author":"SJ Sharman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharman, S. J., & Danby, M. C. (2022). Suggestive questions reduce the accuracy of adults\u2019 reports about one episode of a repeated event. Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(8), 917\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2132247","journal-title":"Psychology, Crime & Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210802019696","volume":"16","author":"EM Skagerberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skagerberg, E. M., & Wright, D. B. (2008). The co-witness misinformation effect: Memory blends or memory compliance? Memory, 16(4), 436\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658210802019696","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"1948_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1470","volume":"23","author":"EM Skagerberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Skagerberg, E. M., & Wright, D. B. (2009). Susceptibility to postidentification feedback is affected by source credibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 506\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.1470","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000473","volume":"29","author":"E Skopicz-Radkiewicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skopicz-Radkiewicz, E., Derda, M., & Nied\u017awie\u0144ska, A. (2023). \u201cIt was not mentioned\u201d: Improving responses to unanswerable questions using retrieval instructions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(4), 761\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xap0000473","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"1948_CR77","unstructured":"Smo\u0142ka, E., & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E. (2024, October 22). Accuracy of repeated events recall: Warning against misinformation in the repeated events scenario. 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/FJZDN"},{"key":"1948_CR78","unstructured":"Smo\u0142ka, E., & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1, E. (2026, March 21). Accuracy of repeated events recall: Warning against misinformation in the repeated events scenario [Research materials, data, and analysis scripts]. OSF. https:\/\/osf.io\/tyjkq"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.7.3.267","volume":"7","author":"CM Sullivan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sullivan, C. M., Basta, J., Tan, C., & Davidson, I. I. (1992). After the crisis: A needs assessment of women leaving a domestic violence shelter. Violence and Victims, 7(3), 267\u2013275.","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2478\/v10059-010-0014-2","volume":"41","author":"M Szpitalak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Szpitalak, M., & Polczyk, R. (2010). Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(3), 105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10059-010-0014-2","journal-title":"Polish Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"1948_CR81","first-page":"40","volume":"85","author":"M Szpitalak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szpitalak, M., & Polczyk, R. (2011). Can warning harm memory? The impact of warning on eyewitness testimony. Problems of Forensic Sciences, 85, 40\u201349.","journal-title":"Problems of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"1948_CR82","first-page":"33","volume":"4","author":"P Tidmarsh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tidmarsh, P., Powell, M., & Darwinkel, E. (2012). Whole story: A new framework for conducting investigative interviews about sexual assault. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 4, 33\u201344.","journal-title":"Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice"},{"key":"1948_CR83","volume-title":"Organization of memory","author":"E Tulving","year":"1972","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. Academic Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90129-8","volume":"20","author":"E Tulving","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1981). Similarity relations in recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 20(5), 479\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90129-8","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"1948_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030186","volume":"87","author":"E Tulving","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1971). Retrieval processes in recognition memory: Effects of associative context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87, 116\u2013124.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1948_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208820","volume":"5","author":"J Underwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Underwood, J., & Pezdek, K. (1998). Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(3), 449\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03208820","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"1948_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingardt, K. R., Leonesio, R. J., & Loftus, E. F. (1994). Viewing eyewitness research from a metacognitive perspective. In J. Metcalfe & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 157\u2013184). The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4561.003.0010"},{"issue":"1","key":"1948_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000312","volume":"43","author":"DM Woiwod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Woiwod, D. M., Fitzgerald, R. J., Sheahan, C. L., Price, H. L., & Connolly, D. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of differences in children\u2019s reports of single and repeated events. Law and Human Behavior, 43(1), 99\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000312","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"1948_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219308258229","volume":"1","author":"DB Wright","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wright, D. B. (1993). Misinformation and warnings in eyewitness testimony: A new testing procedure to differentiate explanations. Memory, 1(2), 153\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658219308258229","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"1948_CR90","unstructured":"Zaragoza, M. S., Belli, R. F., & Payment, K. E. (2007). Misinformation effects and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. In M. Garry & H. Hayne (Eds.), Do justice and let the sky fall: Elizabeth Loftus and her contributions to science, law, and academic freedom (pp. 35\u201363). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"issue":"4","key":"1948_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.20.4.934","volume":"20","author":"MS Zaragoza","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zaragoza, M. S., & Lane, S. M. (1994). Source misattributions and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 934\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.20.4.934","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"1948_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00377.x","volume":"7","author":"MS Zaragoza","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zaragoza, M. S., & Mitchell, K. J. (1996). Repeated exposure to suggestion and the creation of false memories. Psychological Science, 7(5), 294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00377.x","journal-title":"Psychological Science"}],"container-title":["Memory &amp; Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:02:23Z","timestamp":1790733743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["1948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-026-01948-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-502X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5946","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experiment was approved by the Departmental Research Ethics Committee at the Jagiellonian University. Consent was obtained after reading the study information and before participation in the experiment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We report all stated hypotheses, all experimental manipulations, and all measured variables. We also report how we determined our sample size and all data exclusions. The present study was preregistered (\n                      \n                      ;\n                      Smo\u0142ka & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1,\n                      \n                      ). The research materials, raw and coded data, analysis scripts, and full result outputs are available at:\n                      \n                      (Smo\u0142ka & Rub\u00ednov\u00e1,\n                      \n                      ).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Open practices statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}