{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:04:44Z","timestamp":1790899484242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychon Bull Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Scatter plots are a standard tool to illustrate the covariation of bivariate data. For paired observations of the same variable, they can also be used to illustrate differences in the central tendency. For these differences, it would be useful to draw confidence intervals (CIs) that correctly align with statistical analyses. Here, we describe a method to compute and draw a diagonal CI for pairwise differences in scatter plots. This CI can be compared to the identity line that marks coordinates with identical values in both observations. Such CIs offer advantages for both authors and readers: for authors, the CI is simple to compute and to draw; for readers, the CI is less ambiguous and more informative than other types of illustrations, because the three CIs of the standalone effects of\n                    <jats:italic>x, y<\/jats:italic>\n                    and their pairwise differences can be plotted simultaneously along horizontal, vertical and diagonal axes, respectively. A survey testing the interpretation of standalone effects and pairwise differences in bar and scatter plots by scientists showed that such effects can be interpreted with high certainty and accuracy from scatter plots containing horizonal and vertical CIs for standalone effects and diagonal CIs for pairwise differences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T16:14:54Z","timestamp":1756397694000},"page":"3238-3251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Within-subject confidence intervals for pairwise differences in scatter plots"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl R.","family":"Gegenfurtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2750_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.06.021","volume":"168","author":"D Abeles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abeles, D., & Yuval-Greenberg, S. (2017). Just look away: Gaze aversions as an overt attentional disengagement mechanism. Cognition, 168, 99\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.06.021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/2635758","volume":"5","author":"RJ Adcock","year":"1878","unstructured":"Adcock, R. J. (1878). A problem in least squares. The Analyst, 5(2), 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2635758","journal-title":"The Analyst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.001","volume":"74","author":"EA Allen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allen, E. A., Erhardt, E. B., & Calhoun, V. D. (2012). Data visualization in the neurosciences: Overcoming the curse of dimensionality. Neuron, 74(4), 603\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2750_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112185","volume":"376","author":"MB Amadeo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amadeo, M. B., Campus, C., & Gori, M. (2019). Time attracts auditory space representation during development. Behavioural Brain Research, 376, 112185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112185","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2750_CR5","unstructured":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (Ed.). Science Journals: Editorial Policies. https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-journals-editorial-policies"},{"key":"2750_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000165-000","DOI":"10.1037\/0000165-000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1973.10478966","volume":"27","author":"FJ Anscombe","year":"1973","unstructured":"Anscombe, F. J. (1973). Graphs in statistical analysis. The American Statistician, 27(1), 17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00031305.1973.10478966","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0123-7","volume":"44","author":"T Baguley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baguley, T. (2012). Calculating and graphing within-subject confidence intervals for ANOVA. Behavior Research Methods, 44(1), 158\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0123-7","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.10.4.389","volume":"10","author":"S Belia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Belia, S., Fidler, F., Williams, J., & Cumming, G. (2005). Researchers misunderstand confidence intervals and standard error bars. Psychological Methods, 10(4), 389\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.10.4.389","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"2750_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergstrom,\u00a0C.\u00a0T., & West,\u00a0J.\u00a0D. (2018). Why scatter plots suggest causality, and what we can do about it. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1809.09328","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1809.09328"},{"key":"2750_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christiansen, S., Iverson, C., & Flanagin, A. (2020). AMA Manual of Style. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jama\/9780190246556.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/jama\/9780190246556.001.0001"},{"key":"2750_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2021.101406","volume":"128","author":"L Ciccione","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciccione, L., & Dehaene, S. (2021). Can humans perform mental regression on a graph? Accuracy and bias in the perception of scatterplots. Cognitive Psychology, 128, 101406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2021.101406","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"388","key":"2750_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1984.10477098","volume":"79","author":"WS Cleveland","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cleveland, W. S., & McGill, R. (1984). The many faces of a scatterplot. Journal of the American Statistical Association,\n79(388), 807\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1984.10477098","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"402","key":"2750_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478598","volume":"83","author":"WS Cleveland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cleveland, W. S., McGill, M. E., & McGill, R. (1988). The shape parameter of a two-variable graph. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(402), 289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478598","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2750_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correll,\u00a0M., & Heer,\u00a0J. (2017). Regression by Eye. In G. Mark, S. Fussell, C. Lampe, m. schraefel, J. P. Hourcade, C. Appert, & D. Wigdor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.\u00a01387\u20131396). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025922","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025922"},{"key":"2750_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00026","volume":"1","author":"M Coulson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coulson, M., Healey, M., Fidler, F., & Cumming, G. (2010). Confidence intervals permit, but do not guarantee, better inference than statistical significance testing. Frontiers in Psychology,\n1, Article 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00026","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.01.1.p042","volume":"1","author":"D Cousineau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cousineau, D. (2005). Confidence intervals in within-subject designs: A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson\u2019s method. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology,\n1(1), 42\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20982\/tqmp.01.1.p042","journal-title":"Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0214-z","volume":"13","author":"D Cousineau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cousineau, D. (2017). Varieties of confidence intervals. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 13(2), 140\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/acp-0214-z","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00079.x","volume":"3","author":"G Cumming","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cumming, G. (2008). Replication and p intervals: P values predict the future only vaguely, but confidence intervals do much better. Perspectives on Psychological Science\u202f: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 3(4), 286\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00079.x","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.2.170","volume":"60","author":"G Cumming","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005). Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data. The American Psychologist, 60(2), 170\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.60.2.170","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328031us0304_5","volume":"3","author":"G Cumming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cumming, G., Williams, J., & Fidler, F. (2004). Replication and researchers\u2019 understanding of confidence intervals and standard error bars. Understanding Statistics, 3(4), 299\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328031us0304_5","journal-title":"Understanding Statistics"},{"issue":"85","key":"2750_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05351","volume":"8","author":"JR de Leeuw","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Leeuw, J. R., Gilbert, R. A., & Luchterhandt, B. (2023). Jspsych: Enabling an open-source collaborative ecosystem of behavioral experiments. Journal of Open Source Software,\n8(85), Article 5351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.05351","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"2750_CR23","unstructured":"Deming,\u00a0W.\u00a0E. (1964). Statistical adjustment of data (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 1943). Dover Publ."},{"key":"2750_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DiCiccio,\u00a0T.\u00a0J., & Efron,\u00a0B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence intervals. Statistical Science, 11(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/ss\/1032280214","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1032280214"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.55","volume":"41","author":"ME Doherty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doherty, M. E., & Anderson, R. B. (2009). Variation in scatterplot displays. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.1.55","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"2750_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1167\/15.12.893","volume":"15","author":"M Elliott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elliott, M., & Rensink, R. (2015). Interference in the perception of two-population scatterplots. Journal of Vision,\n15(12), 893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/15.12.893","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2750_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.08.007","volume":"158","author":"B Farell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farell, B., & Ng, C. J. (2019). Attentional selection in judgments of stereo depth. Vision Research, 158, 19\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2018.08.007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1027\/0044-3409.217.1.27","volume":"217","author":"F Fidler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fidler, F., & Loftus, G. R. (2009). Why figures with error bars should replace p values. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie \/ Journal of Psychology,\n217(1), 27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0044-3409.217.1.27","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie \/ Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2750_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.187","volume":"19","author":"M Fink","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fink, M., Haunert, J.-H., Spoerhase, J., & Wolff, A. (2013). Selecting the aspect ratio of a scatter plot based on its delaunay triangulation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 19(12), 2326\u20132335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2013.187","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0230-1","volume":"19","author":"VH Franz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franz, V. H., & Loftus, G. R. (2012). Standard errors and confidence intervals in within-subjects designs: Generalizing Loftus and Masson (1994) and avoiding the biases of alternative accounts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n19(3), 395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-012-0230-1","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2750_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0672-9","volume":"76","author":"MA Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, M. A., & Peli, E. (2014). The bisection point across variants of the task. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics,\n76(6), 1671\u20131697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-014-0672-9","journal-title":"Attention, Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2750_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2004.09.033","volume":"33","author":"G Gigerenzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Mindless statistics. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(5), 587\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socec.2004.09.033","journal-title":"The Journal of Socio-Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918771329","volume":"1","author":"G Gigerenzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G. (2018). Statistical rituals: The replication delusion and how we got there. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 198\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245918771329","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2750_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-022-00362-9","author":"WWB Goh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goh, W. W. B., Foo, R. J. K., & Wong, L. (2022). What can scatterplots teach us about doing data science better? International Journal of Data Science and Analytics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41060-022-00362-9","journal-title":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics"},{"key":"2750_CR35","unstructured":"Haller, H., & Kraus, S. (2002). Misinterpretations of significance: A problem students share with their teachers? Methods of Psychological Research (7), 1"},{"key":"2750_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hanning,\u00a0N.\u00a0M., Himmelberg,\u00a0M.\u00a0M., & Carrasco,\u00a0M. (2024). Presaccadic attention depends on eye movement direction and is related to V1 cortical magnification. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 44(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1023-23.2023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1023-23.2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251524592110453","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459211045334","volume":"4","author":"E Hehman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hehman, E., & Xie, S. Y. (2021). Doing better data visualization. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 4(4), 251524592110453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25152459211045334","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2750_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0572-3","volume":"21","author":"R Hoekstra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoekstra, R., Morey, R. D., Rouder, J. N., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2014). Robust misinterpretation of confidence intervals. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n21(5), 1157\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-013-0572-3","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918771304","volume":"1","author":"JK Kruschke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kruschke, J. K. (2018). Rejecting or accepting parameter values in Bayesian estimation. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 270\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245918771304","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2307\/2635646","volume":"6","author":"CH Kummell","year":"1879","unstructured":"Kummell, C. H. (1879). Reduction of observation equations which contain more than one observed quantity. The Analyst, 6(4), 97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2635646","journal-title":"The Analyst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016620","volume":"14","author":"DM Lane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lane, D. M., & S\u00e1ndor, A. (2009). Designing better graphs by including distributional information and integrating words, numbers, and images. Psychological Methods, 14(3), 239\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016620","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.3.424","volume":"39","author":"K Linnet","year":"1993","unstructured":"Linnet, K. (1993). Evaluation of regression procedures for methods comparison studies. Clinical Chemistry, 39(3), 424\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/39.3.424","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2750_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210951","volume":"1","author":"GR Loftus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subjects designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n1, 476\u2013490.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2750_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-02929-z","volume":"86","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., Pan, W.-N., Zeng, X.-J., Gong, L.-Y., & Cai, Y.-C. (2024). Endogenous attention enhances contrast appearance regardless of stimulus contrast. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics,\n86(6), 1883\u20131896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-024-02929-z","journal-title":"Attention, Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2750_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.02.012","volume":"83","author":"JY Luu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luu, J. Y., & Levi, D. M. (2013). Sensitivity to synchronicity of biological motion in normal and amblyopic vision. Vision Research, 83, 9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2013.02.012","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087426","volume":"57","author":"MEJ Masson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Masson, M. E. J., & Loftus, G. R. (2003). Using confidence intervals for graphically based data interpretation. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale,\n57(3), 203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0087426","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale"},{"key":"2750_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matejka,\u00a0J., & Fitzmaurice,\u00a0G. (2017). Same Stats, Different Graphs. In G. Mark, S. Fussell, C. Lampe, M. schraefel, J. P. Hourcade, C. Appert, & D. Wigdor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.\u00a01290\u20131294). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025912","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025912"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.2.1","volume":"23","author":"H Men","year":"2023","unstructured":"Men, H., Altin, A., & Sch\u00fctz, A. C. (2023). Underestimation of the number of hidden objects. Journal of Vision, 23(2), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/jov.23.2.1","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26507-0","volume":"8","author":"K Mikellidou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mikellidou, K., Frijia, F., Montanaro, D., Greco, V., Burr, D. C., & Morrone, M. C. (2018). Cortical BOLD responses to moderate- and high-speed motion in the human visual cortex. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 8357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26507-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2750_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00688.2009","volume":"102","author":"K Mirpour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mirpour, K., Arcizet, F., Ong, W. S., & Bisley, J. W. (2009). Been there, seen that: A neural mechanism for performing efficient visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 102(6), 3481\u20133491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00688.2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","volume":"4","author":"RD Morey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morey, R. D. (2008). Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to Cousineau (2005). Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology,\n4(2), 61\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","journal-title":"Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2750_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0947-8","volume":"23","author":"RD Morey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morey, R. D., Hoekstra, R., Rouder, J. N., Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2016). The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n23(1), 103\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-015-0947-8","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2750_CR53","unstructured":"Nature Portfolio (Ed.). Editorial Policy Checklist. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/documents\/nr-editorial-policy-checklist.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"2750_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.24.10.736","volume":"24","author":"Y Omae","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omae, Y., & Saiki, J. (2024). Correlations are estimated with bias in a 2-class scatterplot. Journal of Vision, 24(10), 736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/jov.24.10.736","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0133-x","volume":"9","author":"R Pfister","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pfister, R., & Janczyk, M. (2013). Confidence intervals for two sample means: Calculation, interpretation, and a few simple rules. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10053-008-0133-x","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1174-7","volume":"24","author":"RA Rensink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rensink, R. A. (2017). The nature of correlation perception in scatterplots. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n24(3), 776\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-016-1174-7","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2750_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103839","volume":"25","author":"M Roberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberts, M., & Carrasco, M. (2022). Exogenous attention generalizes location transfer of perceptual learning in adults with amblyopia. Iscience, 25(3), 103839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103839","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2750_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0684-4","volume":"22","author":"B Scheibehenne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scheibehenne, B., & Pachur, T. (2015). Using Bayesian hierarchical parameter estimation to assess the generalizability of cognitive models of choice. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,\n22(2), 391\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-014-0684-4","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"2750_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2194","volume":"11","author":"AC Sch\u00fctz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz, A. C., Braun, D. I., Kerzel, D., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2008). Improved visual sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Nature Neuroscience, 11(10), 1211\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2194","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2750_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz,\u00a0A.\u00a0C., Delipetkos,\u00a0E., Braun,\u00a0D.\u00a0I., Kerzel,\u00a0D., & Gegenfurtner,\u00a0K.\u00a0R. (2007). Temporal contrast sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Journal of Vision, 7(13), 3.1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/7.13.3","DOI":"10.1167\/7.13.3"},{"key":"2750_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Student (1908). The Probable Error of a Mean. Biometrika, 6(1), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2331554","DOI":"10.2307\/2331554"},{"key":"2750_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108342","volume":"216","author":"IS Ver\u00edssimo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ver\u00edssimo, I. S., Nudelman, Z., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2024). Does crowding predict conjunction search? An individual differences approach. Vision Research,\n216, Article 108342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108342","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2750_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002128","volume":"13","author":"TL Weissgerber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weissgerber, T. L., Milic, N. M., Winham, S. J., & Garovic, V. D. (2015). Beyond bar and line graphs: Time for a new data presentation paradigm. PLoS Biology, 13(4), e1002128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002128","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2750_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-02101-3","volume":"82","author":"C Wolf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolf, C., & Lappe, M. (2020). Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics,\n82(8), 3863\u20133877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-020-02101-3","journal-title":"Attention, Perception & Psychophysics"}],"container-title":["Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:26:29Z","timestamp":1763479589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-025-02750-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"The survey was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and approved by the local ethics committee of the Psychology Department at Marburg University (proposal number 2020-43k).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent for participation in the survey.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent for publication of their anonymous data.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Matlab, Python and R scripts for generating diagonal within-subject CIs in scatter plots are available at\n                      \n                      . Data and scripts for reproducing the figures and analysis in the manuscript are available at\u00a0\n                      \n                      . The survey was not preregistered.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open practices statement"}}]}}