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Evidence also suggests that L2 listening taxes cognitive resources to a greater extent than in L1 listeners. Very little, however, is known about the longer-term consequences of this sustained cognitive engagement. Listening-related fatigue refers to the daily life subjective experience of extreme tiredness from effortful listening. The current study recruited a large sample of L2-English listeners (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009256) to explore factors that predict listening-related fatigue. Approximately half of this sample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009126) reported an Indo-European (IE) language (e.g., Italian) as their first language, whereas the other half (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009130) reported a non-Indo-European (non-IE) language (e.g., Vietnamese) as their first language. Non-IE L2 listeners reported higher overall listening-related fatigue than both IE L2 listeners and a group of monolingual English-speakers (L1-English). Self-rated proficiency and objective vocabulary scores were significant predictors of L2 listening-related fatigue and they moderated the effect of L2 use on listening-related fatigue; individuals who reported increased L2 use were more likely to experience increased fatigue, but only if their self-rated proficiency was low or moderate or their vocabulary score was low. Exploratory mediation analysis suggested that the effect of the L2 listener group (IE vs. non-IE) on listening-related fatigue was attributable to lower self-rated proficiency and objective vocabulary in the non-IE L2 group. To conclude, language proficiency appears to be a strong determinant of listening-related fatigue in L2-English listeners. When L2-English proficiency is low, increased L2-English usage is associated with heightened listening-related fatigue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-026-03005-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:16:33Z","timestamp":1789658193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Language proficiency drives listening-related fatigue in those who communicate in English as their second language"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"McGarrigle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Havelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0867-9","volume":"50","author":"JAE Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson, J. 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