{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:50:36Z","timestamp":1791226236955,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychon Bull Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:52:33Z","timestamp":1791222753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Why are pictures remembered better than sounds? The roles of subjective vividness of mental imagery and semantic labels"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"F. N.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Alvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Karkuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. E.","family":"Hockley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"3015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218231202986","volume":"77","author":"FN Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad, F. N., Tremblay, S., Karkuszewski, M. D., Alvi, M., & Hockley, W. E. (2024). A conceptual\u2013perceptual distinctiveness processing account of the superior recognition memory of pictures over environmental sounds. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77(7), 1555\u20131580.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"3015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01237-x","volume":"52","author":"AL Anwyl-Irvine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Massonni\u00e9, J., Flitton, A., Kirkham, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2020). Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioral experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, 52, 388\u2013407.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"3015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089914","volume":"9","author":"J Bigelow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bigelow, J., & Poremba, A. (2014). Achilles\u2019 ear? Inferior human short-term and recognition memory in the auditory modality. PLoS ONE, 9(2), Article e89914.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15763-2","volume":"11","author":"MB Bone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bone, M. B., Ahmad, F., & Buchsbaum, B. R. (2020). Feature-specific neural reactivation during episodic memory. Nature Communications, 11(1), Article 1945.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"14","key":"3015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811884106","volume":"106","author":"MA Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen, M. A., Horwitz, T. S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2009). Auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(14), 6008\u20136010.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"8","key":"3015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-022-01291-5","volume":"50","author":"RA Cooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooper, R. A., & Ritchey, M. (2022). Patterns of episodic content and specificity predicting subjective memory vividness. Memory & Cognition, 50(8), 1629\u20131643.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"3015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000437","volume":"66","author":"TM Ensor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ensor, T. M., Bancroft, T. D., & Hockley, W. E. (2019). Listening to the picture-superiority effect. Experimental Psychology, 66, 134\u2013153.","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175\u2013191.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"3015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2020.1720741","volume":"28","author":"A Folville","year":"2020","unstructured":"Folville, A., D\u2019Argembeau, A., & Bastin, C. (2020). Deciphering the relationship between objective and subjective aspects of recollection in healthy aging. Memory, 28(3), 362\u2013373.","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"3015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01597-7","volume":"26","author":"ME Gloede","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gloede, M. E., & Gregg, M. K. (2019). The fidelity of visual and auditory memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26, 1325\u20131332.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"3015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.137.2.348","volume":"137","author":"G Lupyan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lupyan, G. (2008). From chair to \u201cchair\u201d: A representational shift account of object labeling effects on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(2), 348\u2013369.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"3015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, D. F. (1973). Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). APA PsycTests.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05959-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"3015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001855","volume":"155","author":"R Morales-Torres","year":"2026","unstructured":"Morales-Torres, R., Davis, S. W., & Cabeza, R. (2026). What makes memories vivid? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 155(2), 403.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"2","key":"3015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2190\/KR6E-7DFT-CYXW-EQAG","volume":"13","author":"RJ Tracy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tracy, R. J., & Barker, C. H. (1993). A comparison of visual versus auditory imagery in predicting word recall. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 13(2), 147\u2013161.","journal-title":"Imagination, Cognition and Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"3015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114","volume":"53","author":"E Tulving","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"3015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Alain, C., & Buchsbaum, B. R. (2026). Differential reliance on sensory reinstatement and internally transformed representation during vivid retrieval of visual and auditory episodes. Journal of Neuroscience. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.06.16.659408","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.16.659408"}],"container-title":["Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:52:33Z","timestamp":1791222753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-026-03015-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest\/competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by Wilfrid Laurier University\u2019s Research Ethics Review Board under protocol number 8497.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study, following WLU Research Board ethical guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided consent for the use of anonymized data for research publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No experiments were preregistered.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Preregistration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"250"}}