{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:33:40Z","timestamp":1772253220493,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007193","name":"Union College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Faculty Research Fund Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty Research Fund Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T13:07:10Z","timestamp":1720444030000},"page":"7790-7813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validating the IDRIS and IDRIA: Two infrequency\/frequency scales for detecting careless and insufficient effort survey responders"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron S.","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2452_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01401-8","volume":"52","author":"VB Arias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arias, V. B., Garrido, L. E., Jenaro, C., Mart\u00ednez-Molina, A., & Arias, B. (2020). A little garbage in, lots of garbage out: Assessing the impact of careless responding in personality survey data. Behavior Research Methods, 52(6), 2489\u20132505.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2452_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00351.x","volume":"73","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2005). Honesty-Humility, the Big Five, and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1321\u20131354.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0265-2","volume":"45","author":"F Aust","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aust, F., Diedenhofen, B., Ullrich, S., & Musch, J. (2012). Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research. Behavior Research Methods, 45(2), 527\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0265-2","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2452_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beach, D. A. (1989). Identifying the random responder. Journal of Psychology, 123(1), 101\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1989.10542966"},{"key":"2452_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025347130953","volume":"27","author":"J Beals","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Mitchell, C. M., Spicer, P., AI-SUPERPFP Team. (2003). Cultural specificity and comparison in psychiatric epidemiology: Walking the tightrope in American Indian research. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 27, 259\u2013289.","journal-title":"Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2452_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benning, S. D., Barchard, K. A., Westfall, R. S., Brouwers, V. P., & Molina, S. M. (2018). Development of the meanness in psychopathy-self report: Factor structure, criterion-related validity, and incremental validity. PsyArxiv Preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/8qbgd","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/8qbgd"},{"key":"2452_CR7","volume-title":"Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation","author":"YS Ben-Porath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2020). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. University of Minnesota Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.3.340","volume":"4","author":"DTR Berry","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berry, D. T. R., Wetter, M. W., Baer, R. A., Larsen, L., Clark, C., & Monroe, K. (1992). MMPI-2 random responding indices: Validation using a self-report methodology. Psychological Assessment, 4(3), 340\u2013345.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowling, N. A., Huang, J. L., Brower, C. K., & Bragg, C. B. (2021). The quick and the careless: The construct validity of page time as a measure of insufficient effort responding to surveys. Organizational Research Methods, 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1177\/10944281211056520"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994052","volume":"3","author":"JM Burger","year":"1979","unstructured":"Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3(4), 381\u2013393.","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.3.4.648","volume":"3","author":"FM Cheung","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cheung, F. M., Song, W. Zheng., & Butcher, J. N. (1991). An Infrequency Scale for the Chinese MMPI. Psychological Assessment, 3(4), 648\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.3.4.648","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR12","volume-title":"Studies in Machiavellianism","author":"R Christie","year":"1970","unstructured":"Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. Academic Press Inc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024824","volume":"24","author":"D Cornell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cornell, D., Klein, J., Konold, T., & Huang, F. (2012). Effects of validity screening items on adolescent survey data. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 21\u201335.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164410366686","volume":"70","author":"M Cred\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cred\u00e9, M. (2010). Random responding as a threat to the validity of effect size estimates in correlational research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(4), 596\u2013612.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/001316444600600405","volume":"6","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1946","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J. (1946). Response sets and test validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6(4), 475\u2013494.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"12","key":"2452_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000281","volume":"28","author":"M Crowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crowe, M., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Validation of the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale and creation of reduced item variants. Psychological Assessment, 28(12), 1550\u20131560.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.07.006","volume":"66","author":"PG Curran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curran, P. G. (2016). Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 4\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.103849","volume":"82","author":"PG Curran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Curran, P. G., & Hauser, K. A. (2019). I\u2019m paid biweekly, just not by leprechauns: Evaluating valid-but-incorrect response rates to attention check items. Journal of Research in Personality, 82, 103849.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1962","volume":"36","author":"JA Desimone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Desimone, J. A., Harms, P. D., & Desimone, A. J. (2015). Best practice recommendations for data screening. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 171\u2013181.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12117","volume":"67","author":"JA DeSimone","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeSimone, J. A., DeSimone, A. J., Harms, P. D., & Wood, D. (2018). The differential impacts of two forms of insufficient effort responding. Applied Psychology, 67(2), 309\u2013338.","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446802800110","volume":"28","author":"TF Donlon","year":"1968","unstructured":"Donlon, T. F., & Fischer, F. E. (1968). An index of an individual\u2019s agreement with group-determined item difficulties. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 28, 105\u2013113.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720","volume":"18","author":"BD Douglas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Douglas, B. D., Ewell, P. J., & Brauer, M. (2023). Data quality in online human-subjects research: Comparisons between MTurk, Prolific, CloudResearch, Qualtrics, and SONA. PLoS One, 18(3), e0279720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-016-9479-0","volume":"33","author":"AM Dunn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dunn, A. M., Heggestad, E. D., Shanock, L. R., & Theilgard, N. (2018). Intra-individual response variability as an indicator of insufficient effort responding: Comparison to other indicators and relationships with individual differences. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(1), 105\u2013121.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202","volume":"2","author":"DC Funder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156\u2013168.","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033192","volume":"25","author":"B Gentile","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gentile, B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory -16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120\u20131136.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR26","first-page":"82","volume":"48","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goldberg, L. R., & Kilkowski, J. M. (1985). The prediction of semantic consistency in self-descriptions: Characteristics of persons and of terms that affect the consistency of responses to synonym and antonym pairs. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 48(1), 82\u201398.","journal-title":"Personality Processes and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.08.007","volume":"40","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006). The International Personality Item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 84\u201396.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR28","volume-title":"Studies in the nature of character, 1: Studies in deceit","author":"H Hartshorne","year":"1928","unstructured":"Hartshorne, H., & May, M. A. (1928). Studies in the nature of character, 1: Studies in deceit. The MacMillan Company."},{"key":"2452_CR29","volume-title":"The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory","author":"SR Hathaway","year":"1943","unstructured":"Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory. The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"2452_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","volume":"33","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61\u2013135.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00221300309601282","volume":"130","author":"JB Hittner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hittner, J. B., May, K., & Silver, N. C. (2003). A Monte Carlo evaluation of tests for comparing dependent correlations. Journal of General Psychology, 130(2), 149\u2013168.","journal-title":"Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.013","volume":"114","author":"NS Holtzman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holtzman, N. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017). A simulator of the degree to which random responding leads to biases in the correlations between two individual differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 187\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.013","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2452_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.5.581","volume":"75","author":"LM Hough","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hough, L. M., Eaton, N. K., Dunnette, M. D., Kamp, J. D., & McCloy, R. A. (1990). Criterion-related validities of personality constructs and the effect of response distortion on those validities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 581\u2013595.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8","volume":"27","author":"JL Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, J. L., Curran, P. G., Keeney, J., Poposki, E. M., & DeShon, R. P. (2012). Detecting and deterring insufficient effort responding to surveys. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(1), 99\u2013114.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-014-9357-6","volume":"30","author":"JL Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, J. L., Bowling, N. A., Liu, M., & Li, Y. (2015a). Detecting insufficient effort responding with an infrequency scale: Evaluating validity and participant reactions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 299\u2013311.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038510","volume":"100","author":"JL Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, J. L., Liu, M., & Bowling, N. A. (2015b). Insufficient effort responding: Examining an insidious confound in survey data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 828\u2013845.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2004.09.009","volume":"39","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson, J. A. (2005). Ascertaining the validity of individual protocols from Web-based personality inventories. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 103\u2013129.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR38","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"OP John","year":"1999","unstructured":"John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102\u2013138). Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2452_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.2307\/146277","volume":"30","author":"FT Juster","year":"1995","unstructured":"Juster, F. T., & Suzman, R. (1995). An overview of the health and retirement study. Journal of Human Resources, 30, S7\u2013S56.","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"2452_CR40","unstructured":"Kay, C. S. (2019). panoply: A Panoply of Miscellaneous Functions. R Package version 0.0.0.9000."},{"key":"2452_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay, C. S. (2021). The targets of all treachery: Delusional ideation, paranoia, and the need for uniqueness as mediators between two forms of narcissism and conspiracy beliefs. Journal of Research in Personality, 93, 104128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2021.104128"},{"key":"2452_CR42","volume-title":"The anatomy of antagonism: Exploring the relations of 20 lexical factors of personality with Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, and psychopathy [Doctoral dissertation]","author":"CS Kay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kay, C. S. (2023). The anatomy of antagonism: Exploring the relations of 20 lexical factors of personality with Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, and psychopathy [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oregon."},{"key":"2452_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay, C. S., & Saucier, G. (2023). The Comprehensive Infrequency\/Frequency Item Repository (CIFR): An online database of items for detecting careless\/insufficient-effort responders in survey data. Personality and Individual Differences, 205, 112073.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.112073"},{"key":"2452_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104315","volume":"102","author":"CS Kay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kay, C. S., & Slovic, P. (2023). The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale - 5: A short-form measure of conspiracist ideation. Journal of Research in Personality, 102, 104315.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"9","key":"2452_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","volume":"42","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879\u20131890.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2452_CR46","unstructured":"Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L. (1997). The Midlife Development Inventory (MIDI) personality scales: Scale construction and scoring. Technical Report, Brandeis University."},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3902_8","volume":"39","author":"K Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329\u2013358.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90046-9","volume":"14","author":"SO Lilienfeld","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lilienfeld, S. O. (1994). Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(1), 17\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90046-9","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2452_CR49","volume-title":"Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised (PPI-R): Professional Manual","author":"SO Lilienfeld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lilienfeld, S. O., & Widows, M. R. (2005). Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised (PPI-R): Professional Manual. PAR."},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021146","volume":"23","author":"DR Lynam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lynam, D. R., Gaughan, E. T., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Mullins-Sweatt, S. N., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). Assessing the basic traits associated with psychopathy: Development and validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 108\u2013124.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"9","key":"2452_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","volume":"5","author":"JN Mandrekar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mandrekar, J. N. (2010). Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 5(9), 1315\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.09.008","volume":"48","author":"MR Maniaci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maniaci, M. R., & Rogge, R. D. (2014). Caring about carelessness: Participant inattention and its effects on research. Journal of Research in Personality, 48(1), 61\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.09.008","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1381968","volume":"101","author":"JL Maples-Keller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maples-Keller, J. L., Williamson, R. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Using item response theory to develop a 60-item representation of the NEO-PI-R using the International Personality Item Pool: Development of the IPIP-NEO-60. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101, 4\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.08.021","volume":"84","author":"Z Marjanovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marjanovic, Z., Holden, R., Struthers, W., Cribbie, R., & Greenglass, E. (2015). The inter-item standard deviation (ISD): An index that discriminates between conscientious and random responders. Personality and Individual Differences, 84, 79\u201383.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2452_CR55","unstructured":"Mayer, M. (2021). missRanger: Fast Imputation of Missing Values. R Package version 2.1.3."},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085","volume":"17","author":"AW Meade","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028085","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2452_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053634","volume":"30","author":"PE Meehl","year":"1946","unstructured":"Meehl, P. E., & Hathaway, S. R. (1946). The K factor as a suppressor variable in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30(5), 525\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0053634","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR58","unstructured":"Moss, A. J., & Litman, L. (2018). After the bot scare: Understanding what\u2019s been happening with data collection on MTurk and how to stop it. CloudResearch. Retrieved April 13, 2024, from https:\/\/www.cloudresearch.com\/resources\/blog\/after-the-bot-scare-understanding-whats-been-happening-with-data-collection-on-mturk-and-how-to-stop-it\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.03.009","volume":"45","author":"DM Oppenheimer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 867\u2013872.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR60","volume-title":"Self-Report Psychopathy Scale 4th Edition (SRP 4) Manual","author":"DL Paulhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2016). Self-Report Psychopathy Scale 4th Edition (SRP 4) Manual. Multi-Health Systems Inc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000758","volume":"39","author":"A Pokropek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pokropek, A., \u017b\u00f3\u0142tak, T., & Muszy\u0144ski, M. (2023). Mouse chase: Detecting careless and unmotivated responders using cursor movements in web-based surveys. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 39(4), 299\u2013306.","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokropek, A., \u017b\u00f3\u0142tak, T., & Muszy\u0144ski, M. (2024). Identifying careless responding in web-based surveys: Exploiting sequence data from cursor trajectories and approximate areas of interest. Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Psychologie, 232(2), 95\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000555"},{"key":"2452_CR63","unstructured":"Prolific (2024). Prolific\u2019s attention and comprehension check policy. Retrieved April 13, 2024, from https:\/\/researcher-help.prolific.com\/hc\/en-gb\/articles\/360009223553-Prolific-s-Attention-and-Comprehension-Check-Policy"},{"key":"2452_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1979.45.2.590","volume":"45","author":"RN Raskin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"2452_CR65","unstructured":"Ryff, C. D., Kitayama, S., Karasawa, M., Markus, H., Kawakami, N., & Coe, C. (2018). Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA-2), May-October 2012 (ICPSR 36427). Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Retrieved April 13, 2024, from https:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/web\/NACDA\/studies\/36427"},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6303_8","volume":"63","author":"G Saucier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-Markers: A brief version of Goldberg\u2019s unipolar Big-Five Markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506\u2013516.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"2452_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000273","volume":"199","author":"G Saucier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saucier, G., & Iurino, K. (2020). High-dimensionality personality structure in the natural language: Further analyses of classic sets of English-language trait-adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 199(5), 1188\u20131219.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2452_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168500900405","volume":"9","author":"N Schmitt","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schmitt, N., & Stults, D. M. (1985). Factors defined by negatively keyed items: The result of careless respondents? Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(4), 367\u2013373.","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"2452_CR69","first-page":"183","volume":"25","author":"GP Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith, G. P., & Burger, G. K. (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25(2), 183\u2013189.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"2452_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.86.5.518","volume":"86","author":"CR Snyder","year":"1977","unstructured":"Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(5), 518\u2013527.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096","volume":"113","author":"CJ Soto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017a). The next Big Five inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117\u2013143.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.02.004","volume":"68","author":"CJ Soto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017b). Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory\u20132: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS. Journal of Research in Personality, 68, 69\u201381.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137\u2013149.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207704"},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00905.x","volume":"56","author":"A Tellegen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tellegen, A. (1988). The analysis of consistency in personality assessment. Journal of Personality, 56(3), 621\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00905.x","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"2452_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalmayer, A. G., & Saucier, G. (2014). The questionnaire big six in 26 nations: Developing cross-culturally applicable big six,\u00a0big five and big two inventories.\u00a0European Journal of Personality,\u00a028, 482\u2013496.","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1969"},{"key":"2452_CR76","unstructured":"Walters, J. (2015). Qualtrics mouse tracking: A how-to guide for fast implementation. Retrieved April 13, 2024, from http:\/\/math.bu.edu\/people\/jackwalt\/qualtrics-mousetracking\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"2452_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-020822-052232","volume":"74","author":"MK Ward","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ward, M. K., & Meade, A. W. (2023). Dealing with careless responding in survey data: Prevention, identification, and recommended best practices. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2452_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Washburne, J. N. (1935). A test of social adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0053473","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053473"},{"key":"2452_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame1802_2","volume":"18","author":"SL Wise","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wise, S. L., & Kong, X. (2005). Response time effort: A new measure of examinee motivation in computer-based tests. Applied Measurement in Education, 18, 163\u2013183.","journal-title":"Applied Measurement in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2452_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-005-9004-7","volume":"28","author":"CM Woods","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woods, C. M. (2006). Careless responding to reverse-worded items: Implications for confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(3), 189\u2013194.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"2452_CR81","unstructured":"Yentes, R. D., & Wilhelm, F. (2021). careless: Procedures for computing indices of careless responding. R Package version 1.2.2."},{"key":"2452_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01640-7","volume":"7","author":"S Zorowitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zorowitz, S., Solis, J., Niv, Y., & Bennett, D. (2023). Inattentive responding can induce spurious associations between task behavior and symptom measures. Nature Human Behaviour, 7, 1667\u20131681.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T18:02:25Z","timestamp":1751911345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02452-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/us7bm","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The first author of the present manuscript created the tools validated here. There is currently no way for the first author to profit financially from these tools, and he does not intend to ever change this arrangement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"All of the studies reported here were approved or determined to be exempt by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Oregon (Study\n                      \n                      : 10032020.003; Study\n                      \n                      : 8282019.043; Study\n                      \n                      : 09072010.006-MOD00000096; Study\n                      \n                      : STUDY00000083; Study\n                      \n                      : 1122021.014) or the Human Subjects Review Committee at Union College (Study\n                      \n                      : E23027). They were conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participants provided informed consent at the beginning of all of the surveys reported here.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}