{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:05:04Z","timestamp":1783688704288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Aside from some common movement regularities, significant inter-individual and inter-trial variation within the same individual exists in motor system output. However, there is still a lack of a robust and widely adopted solution for quantifying the degree of similarity between movements. We therefore developed an innovative approach based on the Procrustes\u00a0transformation to compute 'motor distance' between pairs of kinematic data. As a proof of concept, we tested this on a dataset of reach-to-grasp movements performed by 16 participants while acting with the same confederate. Using the information of wrist velocity, acceleration, and jerk, the proposed technique was able to correctly estimate smaller distances between movements performed by the confederate compared with those of participants. Moreover, the reconstructed pattern of inter-subject distances was consistent when computed either on precision grip prehension or whole hand prehension, suggesting its suitability for the investigation of 'motor styles'. The definition of a solid approach to 'motor distance' computation, therefore, opens the way to new research lines in the field of movement kinematics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T21:58:31Z","timestamp":1733954311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Motor styles in action: Developing a computational framework for operationalization of motor distances"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Jordi","family":"Manuello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Maronati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1068\/p5340","volume":"37","author":"B Abernethy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abernethy, B., Zawi, K., & Jackson, R. C. (2008). Expertise and attunement to kinematic constraints. Perception, 37, 931\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5340","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2530_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.12.004","volume":"40","author":"DC Adams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adams, D. C., & Cerney, M. M. (2007). Quantifying biomechanical motion using Procrustes motion analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 437\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.12.004","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"2530_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2007.00584.x","volume":"56","author":"AKS Alshabani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alshabani, A. K. S., Dryden, I. L., Litton, C. D., & Richardson, J. (2007). Bayesian Analysis of Human Movement Curves. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 56, 415\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2007.00584.x","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"2530_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2875812","volume":"23","author":"AR Anwary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anwary, A. R., Yu, H., & Vassallo, M. (2019). Gait Evaluation Using Procrustes and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 23, 2021\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2875812","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"130","key":"2530_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00653.2020","volume":"1985","author":"S Avrillon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Avrillon, S., Del Vecchio, A., Farina, D., Pons, J. L., Vogel, C., Umehara, J., & Hug, F. (2021). Individual differences in the neural strategies to control the lateral and medial head of the quadriceps during a mechanically constrained task. Journal of Applied Physiology. Bethesda Md, 1985(130), 269\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00653.2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology. Bethesda Md"},{"key":"2530_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.03.001","volume":"22","author":"L Bonini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonini, L., Ferrari, P. F., & Fogassi, L. (2013). Neurophysiological bases underlying the organization of intentional actions and the understanding of others\u2019 intention. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1095\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2013.03.001","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2530_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bookstein, F.L., 1992. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridgehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511573064","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511573064"},{"key":"2530_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2023.10.036","volume":"47","author":"L Casartelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Casartelli, L., Maronati, C., & Cavallo, A. (2023). From neural noise to co-adaptability: Rethinking the multifaceted architecture of motor variability. Physics of Life Reviews, 47, 245\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plrev.2023.10.036","journal-title":"Physics of Life Reviews"},{"key":"2530_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32665-7","volume":"13","author":"T Ciceri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ciceri, T., Malerba, G., Gatti, A., Diella, E., Peruzzo, D., Biffi, E., & Casartelli, L. (2023). Context expectation influences the gait pattern biomechanics. Science and Reports, 13, 5644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32665-7","journal-title":"Science and Reports"},{"key":"2530_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52124-6","volume":"9","author":"S Clarke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clarke, S., McEllin, L., Francov\u00e1, A., Sz\u00e9kely, M., Butterfill, S. A., & Michael, J. (2019). Joint action goals reduce visuomotor interference effects from a partner\u2019s incongruent actions. Science and Reports, 9, 15414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52124-6","journal-title":"Science and Reports"},{"key":"2530_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00473-4","volume":"8","author":"J Cowin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cowin, J., Nimphius, S., Fell, J., Culhane, P., & Schmidt, M. (2022). A Proposed Framework to Describe Movement Variability within Sporting Tasks: A Scoping Review. Sports Medicine - Open, 8, 85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-022-00473-4","journal-title":"Sports Medicine - Open"},{"key":"2530_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cross, E.S., Hamilton, A.F. de C., Grafton, S.T., 2006. Building a motor simulation de novo: observation of dance by dancers. NeuroImage 31, 1257\u20131267https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033"},{"key":"2530_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de C. Hamilton, A.F., Jones, K.E., Wolpert, D.M., 2004. The scaling of motor noise with muscle strength and motor unit number in humans. Experimental Brain Research. 157, 417\u2013430https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-004-1856-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1856-7"},{"key":"2530_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59176-z","volume":"10","author":"D De Marco","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Marco, D., Scalona, E., Bazzini, M. C., Avanzini, P., & Fabbri-Destro, M. (2020). Observer-Agent Kinematic Similarity Facilitates Action Intention Decoding. Science and Reports, 10, 2605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59176-z","journal-title":"Science and Reports"},{"key":"2530_CR15","unstructured":"Demsar, J., Curk, T., Erjavec, A., Demsar, J., Curk, T., Erjave, A., Gorup, C., Hocevar, T., Milutinovic, M., Mozina, M., Polajnar, M., Toplak, M., Staric, A., Stajdohar, M., Umek, L., Zagar, L., Zbontar, J., Zitnik, M., Zupan, B., 2013. Orange: Data Mining Toolbox in Python."},{"key":"2530_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314546135","volume":"29","author":"VG DePaul","year":"2015","unstructured":"DePaul, V. G., Wishart, L. R., Richardson, J., Thabane, L., Ma, J., & Lee, T. D. (2015). Varied overground walking training versus body-weight-supported treadmill training in adults within 1 year of stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 29, 329\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968314546135","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"key":"2530_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031548","volume":"40","author":"AK Dhawale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dhawale, A. K., Smith, M. A., & \u00d6lveczky, B. P. (2017). The Role of Variability in Motor Learning. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 40, 479\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031548","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2258","volume":"9","author":"AA Faisal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faisal, A. A., Selen, L. P. J., & Wolpert, D. M. (2008). Noise in the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 292\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2258","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9076","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"S Haar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haar, S., Donchin, O., & Dinstein, I. (2017). Individual Movement Variability Magnitudes Are Explained by Cortical Neural Variability. The Journal of Neuroscience\u202f: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 37, 9076\u20139085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-17.2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230046","volume":"107","author":"P Haggard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Haggard, P., Hutchinson, K., & Stein, J. (1995). Patterns of coordinated multi-joint movement. Experimental Brain Research, 107, 254\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00230046","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2530_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.1.42","volume":"22","author":"P Haggard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Haggard, P., & Richardson, J. (1996). Spatial patterns in the control of human arm movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 42\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.22.1.42","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2530_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa006","volume":"30","author":"PM Hilt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hilt, P. M., Cardellicchio, P., Dolfini, E., Pozzo, T., Fadiga, L., & D\u2019Ausilio, A. (2020). Motor Recruitment during Action Observation: Effect of Interindividual Differences in Action Strategy. Cerebral Cortex, 30, 3910\u20133920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2530_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026254","volume":"50","author":"TG Hornby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hornby, T. G., Henderson, C. E., Plawecki, A., Lucas, E., Lotter, J., Holthus, M., Brazg, G., Fahey, M., Woodward, J., Ardestani, M., & Roth, E. J. (2019). Contributions of Stepping Intensity and Variability to Mobility in Individuals Poststroke. Stroke, 50, 2492\u20132499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026254","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2530_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.02.002","volume":"123","author":"RC Jackson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jackson, R. C., Warren, S., & Abernethy, B. (2006). Anticipation skill and susceptibility to deceptive movement. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica, 123, 355\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.02.002","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2530_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.058","volume":"81","author":"N Kadmon Harpaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kadmon Harpaz, N., Flash, T., & Dinstein, I. (2014). Scale-Invariant Movement Encoding in the Human Motor System. Neuron, 81, 452\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.058","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2530_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00387","volume":"12","author":"G Knoblich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knoblich, G., & Flach, R. (2001). Predicting the Effects of Actions: Interactions of Perception and Action. Psychological Science, 12, 467\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00387","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2530_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy098","volume":"28","author":"A Koul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koul, A., Cavallo, A., Cauda, F., Costa, T., Diano, M., Pontil, M., & Becchio, C. (2018). Action Observation Areas Represent Intentions From Subtle Kinematic Features. Cerebral Cortex, 28, 2647\u20132654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhy098","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2530_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289694","volume":"29","author":"JB Kruskal","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrika, 29, 115\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289694","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2530_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levina, E., Bickel, P., 2001. The Earth Mover\u2019s distance is the Mallows distance: some insights from statistics, in: Proceedings Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. ICCV 2001. Presented at the Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, IEEE Computer Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 251\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2001.937632","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2001.937632"},{"key":"2530_CR30","first-page":"209","volume":"27","author":"N Mantel","year":"1967","unstructured":"Mantel, N. (1967). The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research, 27, 209\u2013220.","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2530_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","volume":"1","author":"KO McGraw","year":"1996","unstructured":"McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1, 30\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"2530_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2114648119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114648119","volume":"119","author":"N Montobbio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montobbio, N., Cavallo, A., Albergo, D., Ansuini, C., Battaglia, F., Podda, J., Nobili, L., Panzeri, S., & Becchio, C. (2022). Intersecting kinematic encoding and readout of intention in autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, e2114648119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2114648119","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2530_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15212","volume":"53","author":"SH Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, S. H., Hsu, C.-J., Lin, J.-T., Dee, W., Roth, E. J., Rymer, W. Z., & Wu, M. (2021). Increased motor variability facilitates motor learning in weight shift toward the paretic side during walking in individuals post-stroke. European Journal of Neuroscience, 53, 3490\u20133506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.15212","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Passos, P., Campos, T., Diniz, A., 2017. Quantifying the Degree of Movement Dissimilarity between Two Distinct Action Scenarios: An Exploratory Approach with Procrustes Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00640","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00640"},{"key":"2530_CR35","volume-title":"The art of art history: A critical anthology, Oxford history of art","year":"1998","unstructured":"Preziosi, D. (Ed.). (1998). The art of art history: A critical anthology, Oxford history of art. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2530_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00007","volume":"30","author":"BI Prilutsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prilutsky, B. I., & Zatsiorsky, V. M. (2002). Optimization-Based Models of Muscle Coordination. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 30, 32.","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"2530_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rocca, M., Sacheli, L.M., Romeo, L., Cavallo, A., 2023. Visuo-motor interference is modulated by task interactivity: A kinematic study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Reviewhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-023-02297-z","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-023-02297-z"},{"key":"2530_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23275-9","volume":"8","author":"LM Sacheli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sacheli, L. M., Arcangeli, E., & Paulesu, E. (2018). Evidence for a dyadic motor plan in joint action. Science and Reports, 8, 5027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-23275-9","journal-title":"Science and Reports"},{"issue":"29","key":"2530_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5302","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz205","volume":"1991","author":"LM Sacheli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sacheli, L. M., Verga, C., Arcangeli, E., Banfi, G., Tettamanti, M., & Paulesu, E. (2019). How Task Interactivity Shapes Action Observation. Cereb. Cortex n. y. N, 1991(29), 5302\u20135314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz205","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex n. y. N"},{"key":"2530_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163055","volume":"26","author":"H Sakoe","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sakoe, H., & Chiba, S. (1978). Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 26, 43\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163055","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"key":"2530_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20151093","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.1093","volume":"13","author":"P S\u0142owi\u0144ski","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u0142owi\u0144ski, P., Zhai, C., Alderisio, F., Salesse, R., Gueugnon, M., Marin, L., Bardy, B. G., di Bernardo, M., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. (2016). Dynamic similarity promotes interpersonal coordination in joint action. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 13, 20151093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2015.1093","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society, Interface"},{"key":"2530_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809825115","volume":"115","author":"M Soriano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soriano, M., Cavallo, A., D\u2019Ausilio, A., Becchio, C., & Fadiga, L. (2018). Movement kinematics drive chain selection toward intention detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 10452\u201310457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1809825115","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2530_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.042","volume":"86","author":"LH Ting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ting, L. H., Chiel, H. J., Trumbower, R. D., Allen, J. L., McKay, J. L., Hackney, M. E., & Kesar, T. M. (2015). Neuromechanical principles underlying movement modularity and their implications for rehabilitation. Neuron, 86, 38\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.042","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2530_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.2.696","volume":"80","author":"E Todorov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Todorov, E., & Jordan, M. I. (1998). Smoothness maximization along a predefined path accurately predicts the speed profiles of complex arm movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80, 696\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1998.80.2.696","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2530_CR45","unstructured":"Torgerson, W.S., 1958. Theory and methods of scaling, Theory and methods of scaling. Wiley, Oxford, England."},{"key":"2530_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-43","volume":"13","author":"S Ullah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ullah, S., & Finch, C. F. (2013). Applications of functional data analysis: A systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13, 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-13-43","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"2530_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veeraraghavan, A., Chowdhury, A.R., Chellappa, R., 2004. Role of shape and kinematics in human movement analysis, in: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004. Presented at the Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004., p. I\u2013I. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315104","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315104"},{"key":"2530_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06049-0","volume":"239","author":"P-P Vidal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vidal, P.-P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2021). Perceptual-motor styles. Experimental Brain Research, 239, 1359\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06049-0","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2530_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2597-18.2019","volume":"39","author":"AL Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong, A. L., Jax, S. A., Smith, L. L., Buxbaum, L. J., & Krakauer, J. W. (2019). Movement Imitation via an Abstract Trajectory Representation in Dorsal Premotor Cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 39, 3320\u20133331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2597-18.2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2530_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3616","volume":"17","author":"HG Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, H. G., Miyamoto, Y. R., Gonzalez Castro, L. N., \u00d6lveczky, B. P., & Smith, M. A. (2014). Temporal structure of motor variability is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 312\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3616","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2530_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10720","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1938-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"MD Ziegler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ziegler, M. D., Zhong, H., Roy, R. R., & Edgerton, V. R. (2010). Why Variability Facilitates Spinal Learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 10720\u201310726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1938-10.2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T16:04:16Z","timestamp":1739203456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-024-02530-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present research is based on data previously collected in accordance with the principles of the revised Helsinki Declaration, as stated in the original study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Consent to participate was acquired for the original study in accordance with the principles of the revised Helsinki Declaration. No human participants were tested specifically for the present research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was acquired for the original study in accordance with the principles of the revised Helsinki Declaration. No human participants were tested specifically for the present research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Data and code are made freely available for other colleagues.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open practice statement"}}],"article-number":"13"}}