{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:43:16Z","timestamp":1788453796252,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T16:59:36Z","timestamp":1747241976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of data collection and annotation approaches of driver gaze dataset"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6592-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2624-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranamesh","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.007","volume":"41","author":"S Bao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bao, S., & Boyle, L. N. (2009). Age-related differences in visual scanning at median-divided highway intersections in rural areas. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(1), 146\u2013152.","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"2679_CR2","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C.-Y., & Liao, H.-Y. M. (2020). Yolov4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934."},{"key":"2679_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Hao, H., Liu, Y., Cheng, S., Wang, X., & Chang, H. J. (2024). What do you see in vehicle? comprehensive vision solution for in-vehicle gaze estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1556\u20131565.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00154"},{"key":"2679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, M.-C., Bala, R., Bernal, E. A., Paul, P., & Burry, A. (2014). Estimating gaze direction of vehicle drivers using a smartphone camera. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, 165\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.30"},{"issue":"1","key":"2679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37\u201346.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"2679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.04.027","volume":"45","author":"K Diaz-Chito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diaz-Chito, K., Hern\u00e1ndez-Sabat\u00e9, A., & L\u00f3pez, A. M. (2016). A reduced feature set for driver head pose estimation. Applied Soft Computing, 45, 98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"2679_CR7","first-page":"5946","volume":"2020","author":"I Dua","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dua, I., John, T. A., Gupta, R., & Jawahar, C. (2020). Dgaze: Driver gaze mapping on road. IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2020, 5946\u20135953.","journal-title":"IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)"},{"issue":"17","key":"2679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.07.002","volume":"51","author":"T Foulsham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foulsham, T., Walker, E., & Kingstone, A. (2011). The where, what and when of gaze allocation in the lab and the natural environment. Vision Research, 51(17), 1920\u20131931.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.47","volume":"31","author":"L Fridman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fridman, L., Langhans, P., Lee, J., & Reimer, B. (2016). Driver gaze region estimation without use of eye movement. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 31(3), 49\u201356.","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"2679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Dhall, A., Sharma, G., Gupta, S., & Sebe, N. (2021). Speak2label: Using domain knowledge for creating a large scale driver gaze zone estimation dataset. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2896\u20132905.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00324"},{"issue":"8","key":"2679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136905","volume":"10","author":"S Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho, S., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2015). Speaking and listening with the eyes: Gaze signaling during dyadic interactions. PLoS ONE, 10(8), Article e0136905.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01305-2","volume":"52","author":"B Hosp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hosp, B., Eivazi, S., Maurer, M., Fuhl, W., Geisler, D., & Kasneci, E. (2020). Remoteeye: An open-source high-speed remote eye tracker: Implementation insights of a pupil-and glint-detection algorithm for high-speed remote eye tracking. Behavior Research Methods, 52(4), 1387\u20131401.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01446-9","volume":"53","author":"RJ Jansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jansen, R. J., van der Kint, S. T., & Hermens, F. (2021). Does agreement mean accuracy? evaluating glance annotation in naturalistic driving data. Behavior Research Methods, 53, 430\u2013446.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2679_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassner, M., Patera, W., & Bulling, A. (2014). Pupil: An open source platform for pervasive eye tracking and mobile gaze-based interaction. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing: Adjunct publication, 1151\u20131160.","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2641695"},{"key":"2679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. biometrics, 159\u2013174.","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"2679_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.09.012","volume":"71","author":"G Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, Y., Zhu, F., Sui, X., Wang, N., Qu, X., & Green, P. (2019). Drivers\u2019 visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections: A naturalistic driving study in china. Journal of Safety Research, 71, 219\u2013229.","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2679_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2018.2804160","volume":"3","author":"S Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, S., Vora, S., Yuen, K., & Trivedi, M. M. (2018). Dynamics of driver\u2019s gaze: Explorations in behavior modeling and maneuver prediction. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 3(2), 141\u2013150.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"},{"issue":"16","key":"2679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.07.016","volume":"31","author":"J Nuevo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nuevo, J., Bergasa, L. M., & Jim\u00e9nez, P. (2010). Rsmat: Robust simultaneous modeling and tracking. Pattern Recognition Letters, 31(16), 2455\u20132463.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"2679_CR19","first-page":"387","volume":"16","author":"JD Ortega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ortega, J. D., Kose, N., Ca\u00f1as, P., Chao, M.-A., Unnervik, A., Nieto, M., Otaegui, O., & Salgado, L. (2020). Dmd: A large-scale multi-modal driver monitoring dataset for attention and alertness analysis. Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2020 Workshops: Glasgow, UK, August 23\u201328, 2020. Proceedings, Part IV, 16, 387\u2013405.","journal-title":"Proceedings, Part IV"},{"key":"2679_CR20","first-page":"1054","volume":"2020","author":"A Rangesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rangesh, A., Zhang, B., & Trivedi, M. M. (2020). Driver gaze estimation in the real world: Overcoming the eyeglass challenge. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2020, 1054\u20131059.","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)"},{"key":"2679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R. F., & Costa, P. D. (2019). Driver gaze zone dataset with depth data. 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019), 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2019.8756592"},{"key":"2679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2012.08.004","volume":"16","author":"MR Romoser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romoser, M. R., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Williams, C. C. (2013). Comparing the glance patterns of older versus younger experienced drivers: Scanning for hazards while approaching and entering the intersection. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 16, 104\u2013116.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"2679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, N., Chong, E., & Rehg, J. M. (2018). Fine-grained head pose estimation without keypoints. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, 2074\u20132083.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00281"},{"key":"2679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2013.01.004","volume":"45","author":"H Scott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scott, H., Hall, L., Litchfield, D., & Westwood, D. (2013). Visual information search in simulated junction negotiation: Gaze transitions of young novice, young experienced and older experienced drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 111\u2013116.","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"2679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, P. K., & Chakraborty, P. (2024). A review of driver gaze estimation and application in gaze behavior understanding. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 133, Article 108117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108117"},{"key":"2679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawari, A., M\u00f8gelmose, A., Martin, S., Moeslund, T. B., & Trivedi, M. M. (2014). Attention estimation by simultaneous analysis of viewer and view. 17th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 1381\u20131387.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2014.6957880"},{"key":"2679_CR27","unstructured":"Tonsen, M., Baumann, C. K., & Dierkes, K. (2020). A high-level description and performance evaluation of pupil invisible. arXiv:2009.00508."},{"issue":"4","key":"2679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2396031","volume":"16","author":"F Vicente","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vicente, F., Huang, Z., Xiong, X., De la Torre, F., Zhang, W., & Levi, D. (2015). Driver gaze tracking and eyes off the road detection system. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16(4), 2014\u20132027.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2018.2843120","volume":"3","author":"S Vora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vora, S., Rangesh, A., & Trivedi, M. M. (2018). Driver gaze zone estimation using convolutional neural networks: A general framework and ablative analysis. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 3(3), 254\u2013265.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"},{"issue":"7","key":"2679_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7061","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3255923","volume":"24","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, W., Li, F., Zhang, J., Wu, Z., Zhong, Z., & Sebe, N. (2023). 100-driver: A large-scale, diverse dataset for distracted driver classification. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(7), 7061\u20137072.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"2679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2939676","volume":"21","author":"L Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, L., Dong, K., Dmitruk, A. J., Brighton, J., & Zhao, Y. (2019). A dual-cameras-based driver gaze mapping system with an application on non-driving activities monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(10), 4318\u20134327.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"2679_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93448","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928339","volume":"7","author":"HS Yoon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoon, H. S., Baek, N. R., Truong, N. Q., & Park, K. R. (2019). Driver gaze detection based on deep residual networks using the combined single image of dual near-infrared cameras. IEEE Access, 7, 93448\u201393461.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:03:57Z","timestamp":1778717037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02679-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This experimental work was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur for research involving human subjects behavioral study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participants"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of their image data. Additionally, the human annotators consented to the publication of their annotation data.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit\n                      \n                      .","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open Access"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"172"}}