{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T21:15:27Z","timestamp":1783372527716,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["033\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["033\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022H4ZRSN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H4ZRSN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2022XAKXL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022XAKXL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111335GA-100)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111335GA-100)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Perceptual threshold estimation stands as a fundamental variable manipulation in psychology and neuroscience, fine-tuning sensory input intensity to align perceptual precision across individuals. Current methods, such as constant stimuli and staircase procedures, inaccurately assume that perceptual thresholds are influenced solely by sensitivity, overlooking the role of response biases and consequently leading to unreliable estimates. The underlying reason is that classical methods traditionally focus on hit rates\u2014the correct detection of stimuli\u2014while neglecting false alarms, where participants incorrectly report a stimulus when none is present. According to signal detection theory, hit rates can arise from genuine sensitivity or a liberal response criterion, making it crucial to account for both measures. To overcome this confound, we developed bias-free versions of these methods by including target-absent trials to factor in decisional bias during threshold evaluation. Across 74 participants, we robustly demonstrated that widely used classical procedures overestimate perceptual thresholds due to uncontrolled interindividual variability in participant criterion. Conversely, the bias-free staircase procedure achieved reliable sensitivity thresholds, effectively mitigating the influence of decisional bias. We strongly advocate for the adoption of this straightforward, bias-free approach. Its effectiveness, simplicity, and quick execution make it highly feasible for widespread use in enhancing the reliability of threshold estimation and reducing variability in future scientific investigations across various fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:10:04Z","timestamp":1778011804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel bias-free approach for robust perceptual threshold estimation"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Tarasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Covelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Bertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Romei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0182-17.2017","volume":"4","author":"CSY Benwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benwell, C. S. Y., Tagliabue, C. F., Veniero, D., Cecere, R., Savazzi, S., & Thut, G. (2017). Prestimulus EEG power predicts conscious awareness but not objective visual performance. eNeuro, 4(6), Article 10.1523\/ENEURO.0182-17.2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0182-17.2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"3038_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060676","volume":"8","author":"G Bidelman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bidelman, G., Hutka, S., & Moreno, S. (2013). Tone language speakers and musicians share enhanced perceptual and cognitive abilities for musical pitch: Evidence for bidirectionality between the domains of language and music. PLoS One, 8, Article e60676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060676","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3038_CR3","volume-title":"The Measurement and Prediction of Judgment and Choice","author":"RD Bock","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bock, R. D., & Jones, L. V. (1968). The Measurement and Prediction of Judgment and Choice. Holden-Day."},{"issue":"4","key":"3038_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 433\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156856897X00357","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"3038_CR5","unstructured":"Breakwell, G. M. (1995). Introducing research methods in psychology. In G. M. Breakwell, S. Hammond, & C. Fife-Schaw, Research Methods in Psychology (pp. 2\u20134). Sage Publications."},{"issue":"3","key":"3038_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1897-5","volume":"44","author":"M Brosnan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brosnan, M., Chapman, E., & Ashwin, C. (2014). Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder show a circumspect reasoning bias rather than \u00abjumping-to-conclusions\u00bb. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 513\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1897-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-009-9282-3","volume":"45","author":"R Burro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burro, R., Sartori, R., & Vidotto, G. (2011). The method of constant stimuli with three rating categories and the use of Rasch models. Quality & Quantity, 45(1), 43\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-009-9282-3","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"issue":"2","key":"3038_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1337960","volume":"109","author":"E Buss","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buss, E., Hall, J. W., Grose, J. H., & Dev, M. B. (2001). A comparison of threshold estimation methods in children 6\u201311 years of age. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(2), 727\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1337960","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280444000094","volume":"12","author":"M Calvo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calvo, M., & Esteves, F. (2005). Detection of emotional faces: Low perceptual threshold and wide attentional span. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506280444000094","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"issue":"18","key":"3038_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.050","volume":"32","author":"E Chiappini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiappini, E., Sel, A., Hibbard, P. B., Avenanti, A., & Romei, V. (2022). Increasing interhemispheric connectivity between human visual motion areas uncovers asymmetric sensitivity to horizontal motion. Current Biology, 32(18), 4064-4070.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.050","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00168-9","volume":"8","author":"A Cochrane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cochrane, A., Sims, C. R., Bejjanki, V. R., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2023). Multiple timescales of learning indicated by changes in evidence-accumulation processes during perceptual decision-making. npj Science of Learning, 8(1), Article. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41539-023-00168-9","journal-title":"npj Science of Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0918-24.2024","volume":"45","author":"G Cruz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cruz, G., Melc\u00f3n, M., Sutandi, L., Palva, M. J., Palva, S., & Thut, G. (2025). Oscillatory brain activity in the canonical alpha-band conceals distinct mechanisms in attention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 45(1), Article e0918242024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0918-24.2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"3038_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.01.003","volume":"32","author":"F Di Gregorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Gregorio, F., Trajkovic, J., Roperti, C., Marcantoni, E., Di Luzio, P., Avenanti, A., Thut, G., & Romei, V. (2022). Tuning alpha rhythms to shape conscious visual perception. Current Biology, 32(5), 988-998.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2022.01.003","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"3038_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001750","volume":"20","author":"P Di Luzio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Luzio, P., Tarasi, L., Silvanto, J., Avenanti, A., & Romei, V. (2022). Human perceptual and metacognitive decision-making rely on distinct brain networks. PLOS Biology, 20(8), Article e3001750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001750","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3038_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33696\/mentalhealth.1.008","volume":"1","author":"C Fioravanti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fioravanti, C., Braun, C., Lindner, A., Ruiz, S., Sitaram, R., & Kajal, D. S. (2022). A new adaptive procedure for estimating perceptual thresholds: The effects of observer bias and its correction. Journal of Mental Health Disorders, 1(2), Article Issue 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33696\/mentalhealth.1.008","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"3038_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/11.6.16","volume":"11","author":"I Frund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frund, I., Haenel, N. V., & Wichmann, F. A. (2011). Inference for psychometric functions in the presence of nonstationary behavior. Journal of Vision, 11(6), 16\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/11.6.16","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"3038_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.04.020","author":"J Gallina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gallina, J., Ronconi, L., Marsicano, G., & Bertini, C. (2024). Alpha and theta rhythm support perceptual and attentional sampling in vision. Cortex. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.04.020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.20","volume":"41","author":"M Grassi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grassi, M., & Soranzo, A. (2009). MLP: A MATLAB toolbox for rapid and reliable auditory threshold estimation. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.1.20","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3038_CR19","unstructured":"Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics (pp. xi, 455). John Wiley."},{"key":"3038_CR20","unstructured":"Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric methods, 2nd ed (pp. ix, 597). McGraw-Hill."},{"issue":"3","key":"3038_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0430-17.2018","volume":"5","author":"L Iemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iemi, L., & Busch, N. A. (2018). Moment-to-moment fluctuations in neuronal excitability bias subjective perception rather than strategic decision-making. eNeuro, 5(3), Article ENEURO.0430-17.2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0430-17.2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"8","key":"3038_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194549","volume":"63","author":"C Kaernbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaernbach, C. (2001). Adaptive threshold estimation with unforced-choice tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(8), 1377\u20131388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03194549","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"8","key":"3038_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194543","volume":"63","author":"MR Leek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leek, M. R. (2001). Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(8), 1279\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03194543","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"2, Pt. 2","key":"3038_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","volume":"49","author":"H Levitt","year":"1971","unstructured":"Levitt, H. (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49(2, Pt. 2), 467\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1912375","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"3038_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611147","volume-title":"Detection Theory: A User\u2019s Guide","author":"NA Macmillan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2004). Detection Theory: A User\u2019s Guide. Psychology Press."},{"issue":"6237","key":"3038_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/341052a0","volume":"341","author":"WT Newsome","year":"1989","unstructured":"Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H., & Movshon, J. A. (1989). Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision. Nature, 341(6237), 52\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/341052a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3038_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00142-7","volume":"7","author":"A Parola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parola, A., Brasso, C., Morese, R., Rocca, P., & Bosco, F. M. (2021). Understanding communicative intentions in schizophrenia using an error analysis approach. NPJ Schizophrenia, 7, Article 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-021-00142-7","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia"},{"issue":"6351","key":"3038_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3458","volume":"357","author":"AR Powers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powers, A. R., Mathys, C., & Corlett, P. R. (2017). Pavlovian conditioning\u2013induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors. Science, 357(6351), 596\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aan3458","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3038_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01250","author":"N Prins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prins, N., & Kingdom, F. A. A. (2018). Applying the model-comparison approach to test specific research hypotheses in psychophysical research using the Palamedes toolbox. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01250","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3038_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00122","volume":"14","author":"JM Quinde-Zlibut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quinde-Zlibut, J. M., Okitondo, C. D., Williams, Z. J., Weitlauf, A., Mash, L. E., Heflin, B. H., Woodward, N. D., & Cascio, C. J. (2020). Elevated thresholds for light touch in children with autism reflect more conservative perceptual decision-making rather than a sensory deficit. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, Article 00122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00122","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"3038_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X18000936","volume":"41","author":"D Rahnev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahnev, D., & Denison, R. (2018). Suboptimality in perceptual decision making. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, 1\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X18000936","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"3038_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00367","volume":"25","author":"V Romei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romei, V., Murray, M. M., Cappe, C., & Thut, G. (2013). The contributions of sensory dominance and attentional bias to cross-modal enhancement of visual cortex excitability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(7), 1122\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00367","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70124-9","volume":"17","author":"V Romei","year":"2026","unstructured":"Romei, V., & Tarasi, L. (2026). Alpha frequency shapes perceptual sensitivity by modulating optimal phase likelihood. Nature Communications, 17(1), 3384\u20133384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-70124-9","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"3038_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.02.005","volume":"54","author":"J Samaha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samaha, J., Iemi, L., & Postle, B. R. (2017). Prestimulus alpha-band power biases visual discrimination confidence, but not accuracy. Consciousness and Cognition, 54, 47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2017.02.005","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"3038_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2000.00531.x","volume":"20","author":"M Sara","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sara, M., & Faubert, J. (2000). Aging, perception, and visual short-term memory for luminance-defined form. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 20(4), 314\u2013322.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3038_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0450-6","volume":"47","author":"Y Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Dai, W., & Richards, V. M. (2015). A MATLAB toolbox for the efficient estimation of the psychometric function using the updated maximum-likelihood adaptive procedure. Behavior Research Methods, 47(1), 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-014-0450-6","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"3038_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0216-y","volume":"44","author":"P Steenbergen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Steenbergen, P., Buitenweg, J. R., Trojan, J., van der Heide, E. M., van den Heuvel, T., Flor, H., & Veltink, P. H. (2012). A system for inducing concurrent tactile and nociceptive sensations at the same site using electrocutaneous stimulation. Behavior Research Methods, 44(4), 924\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0216-y","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3038_CR38","volume-title":"Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural, and social prospects","author":"SS Stevens","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stevens, S. S., Stevens, G., & Marks, L. E. (1975). Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural, and social prospects. John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"3038_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tarasi L. , Bertaccini, R., Ippolito, G., Martelli, M., di Pellegrino, G., & Romei, V. (2025). Oscillatory signatures of monitoring and anticipatory strategies for probabilistic vs deterministic cues. Imaging Neuroscience, 3, imag_a_00496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00496","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00496"},{"key":"3038_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1059676","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., Borgomaneri, S., & Romei, V. (2023). Antivax attitude in the general population along the autism-schizophrenia continuum and the impact of socio-demographic factors. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1059676","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3038_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.417","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., Covelli, M., de Fatis, C. T., & Romei, V. (2025). Prior information shapes perceptual confidence. Journal of Cognition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/joc.417","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"key":"3038_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102367","volume":"219","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., di Pellegrino, G., & Romei, V. (2022). Are you an empiricist or a believer? Neural signatures of predictive strategies in humans. Progress in Neurobiology, 219, Article 102367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102367","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"3038_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111443","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., Magosso, E., Ricci, G., Ursino, M., & Romei, V. (2021). The directionality of fronto-posterior brain connectivity is associated with the degree of individual autistic traits. Brain Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11111443","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"3038_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbad105","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., Martelli, M. E., Bortoletto, M., di Pellegrino, G., & Romei, V. (2023). Neural signatures of predictive strategies track individuals along the Autism-Schizophrenia continuum. Schizophrenia Bulletin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbad105","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"3038_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., & Romei, V. (2023). Individual alpha frequency contributes to the precision of human visual processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02026"},{"key":"3038_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tarasi L., Alamia A., Romei, V. (2026) Backward alpha band oscillations shape perceptual bias under probabilistic cues Communications Biology 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-09559-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09559-1"},{"key":"3038_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112645","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., de Fatis, C. T., Covelli, M., Ippolito, G., Avenanti, A., & Romei, V. (2025). Preparing to act follows Bayesian inference rules. iScience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112645","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"3038_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.006","volume":"132","author":"L Tarasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarasi, L., Trajkovic, J., Diciotti, S., di Pellegrino, G., Ferri, F., Ursino, M., & Romei, V. (2022). Predictive waves in the autism-schizophrenia continuum: A novel biobehavioral model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.006","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4A","key":"3038_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910407","volume":"41","author":"MM Taylor","year":"1967","unstructured":"Taylor, M. M., & Creelman, C. D. (1967). PEST: Efficient estimates on probability functions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41(4A), 782\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1910407","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"3038_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.4.241","volume":"18","author":"MA Tucker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tucker, M. A., Andrew, M. F., Ogle, S. J., & Davison, J. G. (1989). Age-associated change in pain threshold measured by transcutaneous neuronal electrical stimulation. Age and Ageing, 18(4), 241\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/18.4.241","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"3038_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.932128","volume":"16","author":"M Ursino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ursino, M., Serra, M., Tarasi, L., Ricci, G., Magosso, E., & Romei, V. (2022). Bottom-up vs. top-down connectivity imbalance in individuals with high-autistic traits: An electroencephalographic study. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 16, Article 932128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2022.932128","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"3038_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109580","volume":"374","author":"B van den Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Berg, B., Vanwinsen, L., Jansen, N., & Buitenweg, J. R. (2022). Real-time estimation of perceptual thresholds based on the electroencephalogram using a deep neural network. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 374, Article 109580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109580","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"3038_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10695-3","volume":"269","author":"L van Stiphout","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Stiphout, L., Lucieer, F., Pleshkov, M., Van Rompaey, V., Widdershoven, J., Guinand, N., P\u00e9rez Fornos, A., Kingma, H., & van de Berg, R. (2022). Bilateral vestibulopathy decreases self-motion perception. Journal of Neurology, 269(10), 5216\u20135228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10695-3","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3038_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00434-0","volume":"43","author":"SNJ Watamaniuk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watamaniuk, S. N. J., Flinn, J., & Stohr, R. E. (2003). Segregation from direction differences in dynamic random-dot stimuli. Vision Research, 43(2), 171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00434-0","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"3038_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202828","volume":"33","author":"AB Watson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Watson, A. B., & Pelli, D. G. (1983). Quest: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Perception & Psychophysics, 33(2), 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03202828","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:39:31Z","timestamp":1783370371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03038-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Bologna (protocol code 201723, approved on 26 August 2021).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Research participants consented to participate in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants consented to publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest or personal connections that could have potentially impacted on the work presented in this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"157"}}