{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1785843399299,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:47:21Z","timestamp":1782935241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are 7-point Likert scales preferable to 5-point scales in language research?"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Brysbaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3101_CR1","unstructured":"Albrecht, M. (2024). Welke Likertschaal meet accurater? Een vergelijking van een schaal met 5 en 7 antwoordalternatieven voor het schatten van woordfrequentie [Which Likert scale is more accurate? A comparison of a scale with 5 and 7 response options for estimating word frequency]. Master\u2019s thesis Ghent University. Available at https:\/\/libstore.ugent.be\/fulltxt\/RUG01\/003\/213\/290\/RUG01-003213290_2024_0001_AC.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200738","volume":"31","author":"J Altarriba","year":"1999","unstructured":"Altarriba, J., Bauer, L. M., & Benvenuto, C. (1999). Concreteness, context availability, and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 578\u2013602.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200465","volume":"29","author":"DA Balota","year":"2001","unstructured":"Balota, D. A., Pilotti, M., & Cortese, M. J. (2001). Subjective frequency estimates for 2,938 monosyllabic words. Memory & Cognition, 29(4), 639\u2013647.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"3101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2014.04.010","volume":"150","author":"M Brysbaert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., De Deyne, S., Voorspoels, W., & Storms, G. (2014). Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words. Acta Psychologica, 150, 80\u201384.","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0403-5","volume":"46","author":"M Brysbaert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 904\u2013911.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2019.102738","volume":"230","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X., & Dong, Y. (2019). Evaluating objective and subjective frequency measures in L2 lexical processing. Lingua, 230, Article 102738.","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1057\/jma.2015.4","volume":"3","author":"X Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yu, H., & Yu, F. (2015). What is the optimal number of response alternatives for rating scales? From an information processing perspective. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 3(2), 69\u201378.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Analytics"},{"issue":"10","key":"3101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/pfi.21727","volume":"56","author":"SY Chyung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chyung, S. Y., Roberts, K., Swanson, I., & Hankinson, A. (2017). Evidence\u2010based survey design: The use of a midpoint on the Likert scale. Performance Improvement, 56(10), 15\u201323.","journal-title":"Performance Improvement"},{"issue":"9","key":"3101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021819834226","volume":"72","author":"B \u0106oso","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0106oso, B., Guasch, M., Ferr\u00e9, P., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2019). Affective and concreteness norms for 3,022 Croatian words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(9), 2302\u20132312.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378001700401","volume":"17","author":"EP Cox III","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cox, E. P., III. (1980). The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: A review. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 407\u2013422.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"3101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","volume":"24","author":"N Cowan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87\u2013185.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000071","volume":"124","author":"AD Endress","year":"2017","unstructured":"Endress, A. D., & Szab\u00f3, S. (2017). Interference and memory capacity limitations. Psychological Review, 124(5), 551\u2013571.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.70478\/psicothema.2025.37.24","volume":"37","author":"PJ Ferrando","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferrando, P. J., Morales-Vives, F., Casas, J. M., & Mu\u00f1iz, J. (2025). Likert scales: A practical guide to design, construction and use. Psicothema, 37(4), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.113.2.256","volume":"113","author":"MA Gernsbacher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gernsbacher, M. A. (1984). Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 256\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.113.2.256","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"3101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2014.11.001","volume":"48","author":"GE Gignac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gignac, G. E. (2015). The magical numbers 7 and 4 are resistant to the Flynn effect: No evidence for increases in forward or backward recall across 85 years of data. Intelligence, 48, 85\u201395.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"8","key":"3101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-025-02706-2","volume":"57","author":"J Haslbeck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haslbeck, J., Mart\u00ednez, A. J., Roefs, A. J., Fried, E. I., Lemmens, L. H., Groot, E., & Edelsbrunner, P. A. (2025). Comparing Likert and visual analogue scales in ecological momentary assessment. Behavior Research Methods, 57(8), 1\u201341.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3101_CR17","unstructured":"Hausser, J., & Strimmer, K. (2025). Package \u2018entropy\u2019 Version 1.3.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria."},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/13689880500178849","volume":"15","author":"R Johns","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johns, R. (2005). One size doesn\u2019t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 15(2), 237\u2013264.","journal-title":"Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.987","volume":"42","author":"P Kanske","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2010). Leipzig affective norms for German: A reliability study. Behavior Research Methods, 42(4), 987\u2013991.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.643","volume":"42","author":"E Keuleers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keuleers, E., Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2010). SUBTLEX-NL: A new measure for Dutch word frequency based on film subtitles. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 643\u2013650.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.12973\/ijem.8.4.625","volume":"8","author":"I Kusmaryono","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022). Number of response options, reliability, validity, and potential bias in the use of the Likert scale education and social science research: A literature review. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 8(4), 625\u2013637.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.13","volume":"41","author":"O Lahl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lahl, O., G\u00f6ritz, A. S., Pietrowsky, R., & Rosenberg, J. (2009). Using the World-Wide Web to obtain large-scale word norms: 190,212 ratings on a set of 2,654 German nouns. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 13\u201319.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749008401220","volume":"42","author":"D Laming","year":"1990","unstructured":"Laming, D. (1990). The reliability of a certain university examination compared with the precision of absolute judgements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42(2), 239\u2013254.","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"3101_CR24","volume-title":"Human judgment: The eye of the beholder","author":"D Laming","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laming, D. (2003). Human judgment: The eye of the beholder. Thomson Learning."},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2304\/plat.2003.3.2.89","volume":"3","author":"D Laming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laming, D. (2004). Marking university examinations: Some lessons from psychophysics. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 3(2), 89\u201396.","journal-title":"Psychology Learning & Teaching"},{"issue":"140","key":"3101_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 1\u201355.","journal-title":"Archives of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.2.295","volume":"41","author":"A Maydeu-Olivares","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maydeu-Olivares, A., Kramp, U., Garc\u00eda-Forero, C., Gallardo-Pujol, D., & Coffman, D. (2009). The effect of varying the number of response alternatives in rating scales: Experimental evidence from intra-individual effects. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 295\u2013308.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","volume":"63","author":"GA Miller","year":"1956","unstructured":"Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0043158","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"3101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293031","volume":"18","author":"M Montefinese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montefinese, M., Gregori, L., Ravelli, A. A., Varvara, R., & Radicioni, D. P. (2023). CONcreTEXT norms: Concreteness ratings for Italian and English words in context. PLoS One, 18(10), Article e0293031.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01912-6","volume":"55","author":"EJ Muraki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muraki, E. J., Abdalla, S., Brysbaert, M., & Pexman, P. M. (2023). Concreteness ratings for 62,000 English multiword expressions. Behavior Research Methods, 55(5), 2522\u20132531.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1, Pt. 2","key":"3101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025327","volume":"76","author":"A Paivio","year":"1968","unstructured":"Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968). Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76(1, Pt. 2), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0025327","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1171-z","volume":"51","author":"PM Pexman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pexman, P. M., Muraki, E., Sidhu, D. M., Siakaluk, P. D., & Yap, M. J. (2019). Quantifying sensorimotor experience: Body\u2013object interaction ratings for more than 9,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 51(2), 453\u2013466.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/edaf070","volume":"38","author":"A Pokropek","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pokropek, A., \u017b\u00f3\u0142tak, T., & Muszy\u0144ski, M. (2026). Do you agree? Do you strongly agree? The effect of the number of response categories on response processes and verification of substantive hypotheses. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 38(1), Article edaf070.","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Opinion Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906969","volume":"24","author":"I Pollack","year":"1952","unstructured":"Pollack, I. (1952). The information of elementary auditory displays. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24(6), 745\u2013749.","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907173","volume":"25","author":"I Pollack","year":"1953","unstructured":"Pollack, I. (1953). The information of elementary auditory displays. II. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25(4), 765\u2013769.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00050-5","volume":"104","author":"CC Preston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00050-5","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02257-4","volume":"56","author":"M Proos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Proos, M., & Aigro, M. (2024). Concreteness ratings for 36,000 Estonian words. Behavior Research Methods, 56(5), 5178\u20135189.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"3101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12779","volume":"43","author":"WG Reijnierse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reijnierse, W. G., Burgers, C., Bolognesi, M., & Krennmayr, T. (2019). How polysemy affects concreteness ratings: The case of metaphor. Cognitive Science, 43(8), Article e12779.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0851-9","volume":"49","author":"P Schr\u00f6ter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6ter, P., & Schroeder, S. (2017). The developmental lexicon project: A behavioral database to investigate visual word recognition across the lifespan. Behavior Research Methods, 49(6), 2183\u20132203.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3101_CR40","unstructured":"Scott, W. D., & Hayes, M. H. S. (1921). Science and Common Sense in Working With Men. Ronald Press Company. Available online at: https:\/\/archive.org\/search.php?query=sciencecommonsen00scotrich (accessed October 13, 2025)."},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Bell System Technical Journal"},{"key":"3101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.711691","volume":"15","author":"K Shiina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiina, K. (2021). Commentary: The historical roots of visual analog scale in psychology as revealed by reference publication year spectroscopy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, Article 711691.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000648","volume":"31","author":"LJ Simms","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simms, L. J., Zelazny, K., Williams, T. F., & Bernstein, L. (2019). Does the number of response options matter? Psychometric perspectives using personality questionnaire data. Psychological Assessment, 31(4), 557\u2013566.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02239-6","volume":"56","author":"LJ Speed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Speed, L. J., & Brysbaert, M. (2024). Ratings of valence, arousal, happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise for 24,000 Dutch words. Behavior Research Methods, 56(5), 5023\u20135039.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3101_CR45","unstructured":"Taherdoost, H. (2019). What is the best response scale for survey and questionnaire design; review of different lengths of rating scale\/attitude scale\/Likert scale. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 8."},{"key":"3101_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taufique, K. M. R., Sabbir, M. M., & Rabbanee, F. K. (2026). A Guide to Key Decision Criteria for Likert\u2010Scale Use in Survey Research. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joe.70032.","DOI":"10.1002\/joe.70032"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01814-7","volume":"55","author":"JE Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor, J. E., Rousselet, G. A., Scheepers, C., & Sereno, S. C. (2023). Rating norms should be calculated from cumulative link mixed effects models. Behavior Research Methods, 55(5), 2175\u20132196.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.850521","volume":"67","author":"WJ Van Heuven","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Heuven, W. J., Mandera, P., Keuleers, E., & Brysbaert, M. (2014). SUBTLEX-UK: A new and improved word frequency database for British English. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(6), 1176\u20131190.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-02032-x","volume":"56","author":"H Vankrunkelsven","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vankrunkelsven, H., Yang, Y., Brysbaert, M., De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2024). Semantic gender: Norms for 24,000 Dutch words and its role in word meaning. Behavior Research Methods, 56(1), 113\u2013125.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2010.02.004","volume":"27","author":"B Weijters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weijters, B., Cabooter, E., & Schillewaert, N. (2010). The effect of rating scale format on response styles: The number of response categories and response category labels. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(3), 236\u2013247.","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404268674","volume":"64","author":"LJ Weng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weng, L. J. (2004). Impact of the number of response categories and anchor labels on coefficient alpha and test-retest reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(6), 956\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164404268674","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232133","volume":"15","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, X., & Li, J. (2020). Concreteness\/abstractness ratings for two-character Chinese words in MELD-SCH. PLoS One, 15(6), Article e0232133.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0793-2","volume":"49","author":"Z Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017). Norms of valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, and context availability for 1,100 Chinese words. Behavior Research Methods, 49(4), 1374\u20131385.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:02:17Z","timestamp":1785337337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03101-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No conflicts to be declared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study followed the General Ethics Protocol of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences at Ghent University (no harm foreseen, no deception used, respect for the participants, informed consent, debriefing) and, therefore, did not require explicit ethics approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants gave explicit consent after being informed about the nature of the study. They also agreed that their data could be shared anonymously for research purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate and consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"218"}}