{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:01:47Z","timestamp":1793764907913,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present VRrec, an open-source, motion-tracking and recording tool for PC-based virtual reality (VR). The tool addresses a persistent gap in VR-based experimental research by enabling real-time capture of head, hand, and optional body-tracking data without the need to code. VRrec runs discreetly in the background, collecting positional and rotational data as researchers engage participants with third-party VR applications. This design lets researchers use flexible paradigms that leverage off-the-shelf VR content, eliminating the need to build or modify custom software. However, because VRrec does not read application-level events or object states from the target VR software, it does not directly support paradigms that require synchronization with in-app events or distances to dynamic virtual objects or avatars. VRrec still allows manual event marking for contextual annotation. The resulting data are stored as plain text, which can be imported into various analysis pipelines to derive behavioral metrics in fields such as social psychology, rehabilitation, and consumer research. Evaluations show consistent and stable recording performance with minimal impact on system resources, while also indicating some limitations for study designs that require millisecond-accurate timing precision. By streamlining VR motion data acquisition, VRrec broadens the range of feasible VR study designs and reduces technical barriers, making VR-based behavioral research more accessible. Both the source code and the executable version of VRrec are freely available on GitHub.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:06:26Z","timestamp":1790802386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["VRrec: A zero-coding open-source VR body-motion capture tool for behavioral research"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Kobylinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Muczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cnotkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Wierzbowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cezary","family":"Biele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alca\u00f1iz Raya, M., Mar\u00edn-Morales, J., Minissi, M. E., Teruel Garcia, G., Abad, L., & Chicchi Giglioli, I. A. (2020). Machine learning and virtual reality on body movements\u2019 behaviors to classify children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9051260","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051260"},{"key":"3169_CR2","unstructured":"Animation Prep Studios. (2023). Mocap Fusion [VR] [computer software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mocapfusion.com"},{"key":"3169_CR3","unstructured":"Bacos, C., & Carroll, M. (2018). Kinematics for e-learning: Examining movement and social interactions in virtual reality. In Proceedings of e-learn: World conference on e-learning in corporate, government, healthcare, and higher education 2018 (pp. 559\u2013563). Las Vegas, NV, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/185009"},{"key":"3169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2001). Equilibrium theory revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments,\u00a010(6), 583\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474601753272844","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753272844"},{"key":"3169_CR5","unstructured":"Beat Games S.R.O. (2018). Beat Saber [computer software]. Plze\u0148sk\u00e1 3350\/18, Prague 5, 150 00, Czech Republic: Beat Games S.R.O. Retrieved from https:\/\/beatsaber.com"},{"key":"3169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833136","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.833136","volume":"13","author":"F Borgnis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borgnis, F., Baglio, F., Pedroli, E., Rossetto, F., Uccellatore, L., Oliveira, J. A. G., & Cipresso, P. (2022). Available virtual reality-based tools for executive functions: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 833136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.833136","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3169_CR7","unstructured":"Brekel 3D. (2017). Brekel OpenVR recorder [computer software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/brekel.com\/openvr-recorder"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01242-0","volume":"52","author":"J Brookes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brookes, J., Warburton, M., Alghadier, M., Mon-Williams, M., & Mushtaq, F. (2020). Studying human behavior with virtual reality: The Unity Experiment Framework. Behavior Research Methods, 52(2), 455\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-019-01242-0","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02241-y","volume":"56","author":"J Brookes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brookes, J., Hall, S., Fr\u00fchholz, S., & Bach, D. R. (2024). Immersive VR for investigating threat avoidance: The VRthreat toolkit for Unity. Behavior Research Methods, 56(5), 5040\u20135054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02241-y","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517720790","volume":"32","author":"J Cannell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cannell, J., Jovic, E., Rathjen, A., Lane, K., Tyson, A. M., Callisaya, M. L., & Bird, M.-L. (2018). The efficacy of interactive, motion capture-based rehabilitation on functional outcomes in an inpatient stroke population: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(2), 191\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215517720790","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"key":"3169_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, E., Burger, B., & Toiviainen, P. (2019). Empathy, entrainment, and perceived interaction in complex dyadic dance movement. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 36(4), pp. 390\u2013405. Retrieved May 6, 2023, from https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26863225","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2019.36.4.390"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0374-z","volume":"23","author":"P Caserman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caserman, P., Garcia-Agundez, A., Konrad, R., G\u00f6bel, S., & Steinmetz, R. (2019). Real-time body tracking in virtual reality using a Vive tracker. Virtual Reality, 23(2), 155\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0374-z","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"3169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castellano, G., Villalba, S. D., & Camurri, A. (2007). Recognising human emotions from body movement and gesture dynamics. In Affective computing and intelligent interaction (pp. 71\u201382). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-74889-2_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74889-2_7"},{"key":"3169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00245","volume":"14","author":"S Cavedoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavedoni, S., Chirico, A., Pedroli, E., Cipresso, P., & Riva, G. (2020). Digital biomarkers for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment: Artificial intelligence meets virtual reality. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00245","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"3169_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02086","volume":"9","author":"P Cipresso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipresso, P., Giglioli, I. A. C., Raya, M. A., & Riva, G. (2018). The past, present, and future of virtual and augmented reality research: A network and cluster analysis of the literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02086","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000217417.89347.63","volume":"37","author":"CM Cirstea","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cirstea, C. M., Ptito, A., & Levin, M. F. (2006). Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke, 37(5), 1237\u20131242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000217417.89347.63","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"3169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2023.2300748","volume":"38","author":"MT Crawford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crawford, M. T., Maymon, C., Miles, N. L., Blackburne, K., Tooley, M., & Grimshaw, G. M. (2024). Emotion in motion: Perceiving fear in the behaviour of individuals from minimal motion capture displays. Cognition and Emotion, 38(4), 451\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2023.2300748","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"3169_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Paiva Guimar\u00e3es, M., Dias, D. R. C., da Rocha, L. C. D., Ribeiro, E. H., Iope, R. L., & Brega, J. R. (2021). Motion and interaction tracking tool for virtual reality environments. In O. Gervasi, B. Murgante, S. Misra, C. Garau, I. Bleci\u010di\u0107, D. Taniar,... C. M. Torre (Eds.), Computational science and its applications \u2013 ICCSA 2021 (pp. 621\u2013630). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87016-4_44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87016-4_44"},{"key":"3169_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deuchler, J., Hettmann, W., Hepperle, D., & W\u00f6lfel, M. (2023). Streamlining physiological observations in immersive virtual reality studies with the virtual reality scientific toolkit. In 2023 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW) (pp. 485\u2013488). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW58643.2023.00105","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW58643.2023.00105"},{"issue":"6","key":"3169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1068\/p250727","volume":"25","author":"WH Dittrich","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E. G., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25(6), 727\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p250727","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"4","key":"3169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2008.03.003","volume":"44","author":"R Dotsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dotsch, R., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2008). Virtual prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1194\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2008.03.003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"3169_CR22","unstructured":"Epic Games, Inc. (2025). Unreal Engine [computer software]. 620 Crossroads Boulevard, Cary, North Carolina, 27518, USA: Epic Games, Inc. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unrealengine.com\/en-US\/download"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00530-5","volume":"26","author":"G Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, G., Melo, M., Barbosa, L., Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., & Bessa, M. (2022). Evaluation of the impact of different levels of self-representation and body tracking on the sense of presence and embodiment in immersive VR. Virtual Reality, 26(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00530-5","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"3169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01125","volume":"8","author":"M Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Franco, M., & Lanier, J. (2017). Model of illusions and virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01125","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3169_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorisse, G., Christmann, O., & Dubosc, C. (2022). REC: A Unity tool to replay, export and capture tracked movements for 3D and virtual reality applications. In Proceedings of the 2022 international conference on advanced visual interfaces (pp. 1\u20133). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531073.3534472","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3534472"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20618","volume":"18","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gross, J. J., Uusberg, H., & Uusberg, A. (2019). Mental illness and well-being: An affect regulation perspective. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 130\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20618","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"3169_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102305","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2842411","volume":"74","author":"\u00d6 G\u00fcrerk","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00fcrerk, \u00d6., B\u00f6nsch, A., Kittsteiner, T., & Staffeldt, A. (2018). Virtual humans as co-workers: A novel methodology to study peer effects. Journal of Economic Psychology, 74, 102305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2842411","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"3169_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1086\/200975","volume":"9","author":"ET Hall","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hall, E. T., Birdwhistell, R. L., Bock, B., Bohannan, P., Diebold, A. R., Durbin, M., & Vayda, A. P. (1968). Proxemics [and comments and replies]. Current Anthropology, 9(2\/3), 83\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/200975","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/17475759.2012.728764","volume":"41","author":"BS Hasler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hasler, B. S., & Friedman, D. A. (2012). Sociocultural conventions in avatar-mediated nonverbal communication: A cross-cultural analysis of virtual proxemics. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 41(3), 238\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17475759.2012.728764","journal-title":"Journal of Intercultural Communication Research"},{"key":"3169_CR30","unstructured":"Holler, J., & Beattie, G. (2007). Gesture use in social interaction: How speakers\u2019 gestures can reflect listeners\u2019 thinking. In Proceedings of the 2nd conference of the international society of gesture studies, Lyon, France 15-18 June 2005 (pp. 1\u201311). Retrieved from http:\/\/gesture-lyon2005.ens-lyon.fr\/article.php3?id_article=235"},{"key":"3169_CR31","unstructured":"HTC Corporation. (2018). HTC Vive. No. 23 Xinghua Rd., Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan City 330, Taiwan, R.O.C.: HTC Corporation. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vive.com"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372107","volume":"30","author":"C Javerliat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Javerliat, C., Villenave, S., Raimbaud, P., & Lavou\u00e9, G. (2024). PLUME: Record, replay, analyze and share user behavior in 6DoF XR experiences. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 30(5), 2087\u20132097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372107","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"3169_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705170","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.705170","volume":"12","author":"DC Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong, D. C., Kim, S. S. Y., Xu, J. J., & Miller, L. C. (2021). Protean kinematics: A blended model of VR physics. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 705170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.705170","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3169_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jerald, J. (2015). The VR book: Human-centered design for virtual reality. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2792790","DOI":"10.1145\/2792790"},{"key":"3169_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kapoor, A., & Verma, V. (2024). Emotion AI: Understanding emotions through artificial intelligence. International Journal of Engineering Science and Humanities,\u00a014, 223\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62904\/0vcbvb24. Special Issue 1.","DOI":"10.62904\/0vcbvb24"},{"key":"3169_CR36","unstructured":"Khronos Group. (2025). OpenXR [computer software]. 9450 SW Gemini Drive #45043, Beaverton, OR 97008-6018, USA: The Khronos Group. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.khronos.org\/openxr"},{"key":"3169_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kloiber, S., Collins, P., Eggeling, E., Preiner, R., & Schreck, T. (2022). VR-based exploration of participant movement in experimental psychology. In 2022 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) (pp. 391\u2013396). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00085","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00085"},{"issue":"10","key":"3169_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-020-01942-1","volume":"36","author":"S Kloiber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kloiber, S., Settgast, V., Schinko, C., Weinzerl, M., Fritz, J., Schreck, T., & Preiner, R. (2020). Immersive analysis of user motion in VR applications. The Visual Computer, 36(10), 1937\u20131949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-020-01942-1","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"key":"3169_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kobylinski, P., Pochwatko, G., & Biele, C. (2019). VR experience from data science point of view: How to measure inter-subject dependence in visual attention and spatial behavior. In W. Karwowski & T. Ahram (Eds.), Intelligent human systems integration 2019 (pp. 393\u2013399). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-11051-2_60","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11051-2_60"},{"key":"3169_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuipers, J. (2020). Quaternions and rotation sequences. Princeton University Press. Retrieved from https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691102986\/quaternions-and-rotation-sequences","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvx5wc3k"},{"key":"3169_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LaValle, S. M. (2023). Virtual reality. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108182874","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108182874"},{"key":"3169_CR42","unstructured":"Meta Platforms Technologies, LLC. (2025). Oculus VR hardware and software platform. 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA: Meta Platforms Technologies, LLC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.meta.com\/quest"},{"key":"3169_CR43","unstructured":"Meta Store Support. (2025). Set up and connect Meta Horizon Link and Air Link. Meta. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.meta.com\/help\/quest\/509273027107091"},{"key":"3169_CR44","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Personality and the behavior disorders","author":"NE Miller","year":"1944","unstructured":"Miller, N. E. (1944). Experimental studies of conflict. In J. M. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (pp. 431\u2013465). Ronald Press."},{"key":"3169_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller, N. E., & Dollard, J. (1945). Social learning and imitation (1st). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315008240","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315008240"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74486-y","volume":"10","author":"MR Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller, M. R., Herrera, F., Jun, H., Landay, J. A., & Bailenson, J. N. (2020). Personal identifiability of user tracking data during observation of 360-degree VR video. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-74486-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"3169_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8283","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15131","volume":"54","author":"M Miyakoshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miyakoshi, M., Gehrke, L., Gramann, K., Makeig, S., & Iversen, J. (2021). The AudioMaze: An EEG and motion capture study of human spatial navigation in sparse augmented reality. European Journal of Neuroscience, 54(12), 8283\u20138307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.15131","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"3169_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moon, J., Jeong, M., Oh, S., Laine, T. H., & Seo, J. (2022). Data collection framework for context-aware virtual reality application development in Unity: Case of avatar embodiment. Sensors,\u00a022, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22124623","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124623"},{"key":"3169_CR49","unstructured":"NaturalPoint, Inc. (2025). OptiTrack motion capture system. P.O. Box 2317, Corvallis, OR 97339, USA: NaturalPoint, Inc. Retrieved from https:\/\/optitrack.com"},{"key":"3169_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niehorster, D. C., Li, L., & Lappe, M. (2017). The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC Vive virtual reality system for scientific research. i-Perception, 8(3), 2041669517708205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2041669517708205","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669517708205"},{"key":"3169_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1383547","volume":"15","author":"S Oh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oh, S., Joung, Y.-S., Chung, T.-M., Lee, J., Seok, B. J., Kim, N., & Son, H. M. (2024). Diagnosis of ADHD using virtual reality and artificial intelligence: An exploratory study of clinical applications. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1383547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1383547","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12290","volume":"109","author":"X Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan, X., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2018). Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape. British Journal of Psychology, 109(3), 395\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjop.12290","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067767","volume":"27","author":"TC Peck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peck, T. C., Good, J. J., & Seitz, K. (2021). Evidence of racial bias using immersive virtual reality: Analysis of head and hand motions during shooting decisions. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 27(5), 2502\u20132512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067767","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"3169_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12304","author":"L Pieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pieri, L., Tosi, G., & Romano, D. (2023). Virtual reality technology in neuropsychological testing: A systematic review. Journal of Neuropsychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnp.12304","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"3169_CR55","unstructured":"Polhemus, Inc. (2025). Polhemus. 40 Hercules Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA: Polhemus, Inc. Retrieved from https:\/\/polhemus.com"},{"issue":"20","key":"3169_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00196-7","volume":"42","author":"FE Pollick","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pollick, F. E., Lestou, V., Ryu, J., & Cho, S. B. (2002). Estimating the efficiency of recognizing gender and affect from biological motion. Vision Research, 42(20), 2345\u20132355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00196-7","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"3169_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pradhan, G. N., Engineer, N., Nadin, M., & Prabhakaran, B. (2007). Integration of motion capture and EMG data for classifying the human motions. In IEEE 23rd international conference on data engineering workshop (pp. 56\u201363). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDEW.2007.4400973","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDEW.2007.4400973"},{"key":"3169_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01673","volume":"7","author":"D Preissmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Preissmann, D., Charbonnier, C., Chagu\u00e9, S., Antonietti, J.-P., Llobera, J., Ansermet, F., & Magistretti, P. J. (2016). A motion capture study to measure the feeling of synchrony in romantic couples and in professional musicians. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01673","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"3169_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reuter, A. S., & Schindler, M. (2023). Motion capture systems and their use in educational research: Insights from a systematic literature review. Education Sciences,\u00a013, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13020167","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020167"},{"key":"3169_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo, A. S., Goodwin, G. J., De Vito, A. N., & Bell, J. D. (2021). Recent advances in virtual reality and psychology: Introduction to the special issue. Translational Issues in Psychological Science,7(3), 213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tps0000316","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000316"},{"key":"3169_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodriguez Lopez, M., Liu, H., Mancinelli, F., Brookes, J., & Bach, D. R. (2025). The CogLearn toolkit for Unity: Validating a virtual reality paradigm for human avoidance learning. Behavior Research Methods, 57(6), 160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-025-02630-5","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-025-02630-5"},{"key":"3169_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruddle, R. A., & Lessels, S. (2009). The benefits of using a walking interface to navigate virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,\u00a016, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1502800.1502805","DOI":"10.1145\/1502800.1502805"},{"key":"3169_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuetz, I., Karimpur, H., & Fiehler, K. (2023). Vexptoolbox: A software toolbox for human behavior studies using the Vizard virtual reality platform. Behavior Research Methods, 55(2), 570\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-022-01831-6","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01831-6"},{"key":"3169_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160imkovi\u010d, V., Zaj\u00ed\u010dek, V., & Hajtmanek, R. (2019). User tracking in VR environment. In 2019 international conference on engineering technologies and computer science (ENT) (pp. 80\u201384). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EnT.2019.00022","DOI":"10.1109\/EnT.2019.00022"},{"key":"3169_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slater, M., Steed, A., McCarthy, J., & Maringelli, F. (1998). The influence of body movement on subjective presence in virtual environments. Human Factors,40(3), 469\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872098779591368","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779591368"},{"key":"3169_CR66","unstructured":"Unity Technologies. (2025). Unity [computer software]. 116 New Montgomery St, Suite 300, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA: Unity Technologies. Retrieved from https:\/\/unity.com\/download"},{"key":"3169_CR67","unstructured":"Valve Corporation. (2023). SteamVR (version 2.0). 10400 NE 4th St, 14th Floor, Bellevue, WA 98004-5212, USA: Valve Corporation. Retrieved from https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/250820\/SteamVR\/"},{"key":"3169_CR68","unstructured":"Valve Corporation. (2026a). OpenVR SDK [computer software]. Valve Corporation. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/ValveSoftware\/openvr"},{"key":"3169_CR69","unstructured":"Valve Corporation. (2026b). Steam Link \/ Remote Play. 10400 NE 4th St, 14th Floor, Bellevue, WA 98004-5212, USA: Valve Corporation. Retrieved from https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/remoteplay"},{"issue":"6","key":"3169_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1463397","volume":"18","author":"E van der Kruk","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Kruk, E., & Reijne, M. M. (2018). Accuracy of human motion capture systems for sport applications; state-of-the-art review. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(6), 806\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2018.1463397","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.14254\/1795-6889.2021.17-3.4","volume":"17","author":"S Winiarski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Winiarski, S., Molek-Winiarska, D., Chomatowska, B., Sipko, T., & Dyvak, M. (2021). Added value of motion capture technology for occupational health and safety innovations. Human Technology, 17(3), 235\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14254\/1795-6889.2021.17-3.4","journal-title":"Human Technology"},{"key":"3169_CR72","unstructured":"WorldViz, Inc. (2025). Vizard [computer software]. 813 Reddick Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, USA: WorldViz, Inc. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.worldviz.com\/virtual-reality-software-downloads"},{"key":"3169_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103845","volume":"85","author":"HE Yaremych","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaremych, H. E., & Persky, S. (2019). Tracing physical behavior in virtual reality: A narrative review of applications to social psychology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 103845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103845","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208330254","volume":"36","author":"N Yee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yee, N., Bailenson, J. N., & Ducheneaut, N. (2009). The proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior. Communication Research, 36(2), 285\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650208330254","journal-title":"Communication Research"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:14:48Z","timestamp":1793376888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-026-03169-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests that could have influenced the work reported in this manuscript. VRrec is freely available as open-source software without any commercial affiliations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they acted as the sole participants in the stress-testing of the VRrec application, conducting all testing procedures on themselves. The article does not report empirical research involving the recruitment of human participants; therefore, no additional participant consent was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"308"}}