{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:26:12Z","timestamp":1771561572852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]],"date-time":"1997-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":878342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Memory & Cognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/bf03211328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T11:35:32Z","timestamp":1295696132000},"page":"838-848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":389,"title":["False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Schacter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF03211328_CR1","volume-title":"Remembering","author":"F. C. Bartlett","year":"1932","unstructured":"Bartlett, F. C. (1932).Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197115","volume":"19","author":"J. C. Bartlett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bartlett, J. C., Strater, L., &Fulton, A. (1991). False recency and false fame of faces in young adulthood and old age.Memory & Cognition,19, 177\u2013188.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(71)90019-3","volume":"2","author":"J. D. Bransford","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bransford, J. D., &Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas.Cognitive Psychology,2, 331\u2013350.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.4.1.10","volume":"4","author":"G. Cohen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cohen, G., &Faulkner, D. (1989). Age differences in source forgetting: Effects on reality monitoring and eyewitness testimony.Psychology & Aging,4, 10\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychology & Aging"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046671","volume":"58","author":"J. Deese","year":"1959","unstructured":"Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall.Journal of Experimental Psychology,58, 17\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2307\/1422968","volume":"106","author":"C. S. Dodson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dodson, C. S., &Johnson, M. K. (1993). Rate of false source attributions depends on how questions are asked.American Journal of Psychology,106, 541\u2013557.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200940","volume":"24","author":"W. Donaldson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Donaldson, W. (1996). The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing.Memory & Cognition,24, 523\u2013533.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.3.379","volume":"5","author":"J. Dywan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dywan, J., &Jacoby, L. L. (1990). Effects of aging on source monitoring: Differences in susceptibility to false fame.Psychology & Aging,5, 379\u2013387.","journal-title":"Psychology & Aging"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197041","volume":"16","author":"J. M. Gardiner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience.Memory & Cognition,16, 309\u2013313.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212420","volume":"3","author":"M. Garry","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E. F., &Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,3, 208\u2013214.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.1.119","volume":"5","author":"S. Hashtroudi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hashtroudi, S., Johnson, M. K., &Chrosniak, L. D. (1990). Aging and qualitative characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined complex events.Psychology & Aging,5, 119\u2013126.","journal-title":"Psychology & Aging"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.1.160","volume":"9","author":"S. Hashtroudi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hashtroudi, S., Johnson, M. K., Vnek, N., &Ferguson, S. A. (1994). Aging and the effects of affective and factual focus on source monitoring and recall.Psychology & Aging,9, 160\u2013170.","journal-title":"Psychology & Aging"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350090302","volume":"9","author":"I. E. Hyman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hyman, I. E., Husband, T. H., &Billings, F. J. (1995). False memories of childhood experiences.Applied Cognitive Psychology,9, 181\u2013197.","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90025-F","volume":"30","author":"L. L. Jacoby","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory.Journal of Memory & Language,30, 513\u2013541.","journal-title":"Journal of Memory & Language"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.4.371","volume":"117","author":"M. K. Johnson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., &Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,117, 371\u2013376.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.3","volume":"114","author":"M. K. Johnson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., &Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring.Psychological Bulletin,114, 3\u201328.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03330029","volume":"19","author":"M. K. Johnson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Foley, M. A., &Kim, J. K. (1982). Pictures and images: Spatial and temporal information compared.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,19, 23\u201326.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.3.229","volume":"5","author":"M. K. Johnson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Wang, A. Y., &Taylor, T. H. (1979). Fact and fantasy: The roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory,5, 229\u2013240.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199510020-00014","volume":"6","author":"S. Kapur","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Jones, C., Brown, G. H., Houle, S., &Tulving, E. (1995). Functional roles of prefrontal cortex in retrieval of memories: A PET study.NeuroReport,6, 1880\u20131884.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198473","volume":"17","author":"D. S. Lindsay","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. S., &Johnson, M. K. (1989). Eyewitness suggestibility and memory for source.Memory & Cognition,17, 349\u2013358.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.4.1.19","volume":"4","author":"E. F. Loftus","year":"1978","unstructured":"Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., &Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory,4, 19\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19951201-07","volume":"25","author":"E. F. Loftus","year":"1995","unstructured":"Loftus, E. F., &Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories.Psychiatric Annals,25, 720\u2013725.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR23","unstructured":"Mather, M., Henkel, L. A., & Johnson, M. K. (in press). Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember\/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared.Memory & Cognition."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR24","first-page":"226","volume-title":"Memory distortion: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past","author":"M. Mosovitch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mosovitch, M. (1995). Confabulation. In D. L. Schacter, J. T. Coyle, G. D. Fischbach, M.-M. Mesulam, & L. E. Sullivan (Eds.),Memory distortion: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past (pp. 226\u2013291). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR25","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Structure and functions of the human prefrontal cortex (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","author":"M. Moscovitch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moscovitch, M., &Winocur, G. (1995). Frontal lobes, memory, and aging. In J. Grafman, K. J. Holyoak, & F. Boller (Eds.), Structure and functions of the human prefrontal cortex (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 769, pp. 119\u2013150). New York: New Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212412","volume":"3","author":"L. Nyberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nyberg, L., Cabeza, R., &Tulving, E. (1996). PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,3, 135\u2013148.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/380715a0","volume":"380","author":"L. Nyberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nyberg, L., McIntosh, A. R., Houle, S., Nilsson, L.-G., &Tulving, E. (1996). Activation of medial temporal structures during episodic memory retrieval.Nature,380, 715\u2013717.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/362342a0","volume":"362","author":"E. Paulesu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., &Frackowiack, R. S. J. (1993). The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory.Nature,362, 342\u2013354.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211168","volume":"21","author":"S. Rajaram","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past.Memory & Cognition,21, 89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/34.1.58","volume":"34","author":"J. S. Rankin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rankin, J. S., &Kausler, D. H. (1979). Adult age differences in false recognitions.Journal of Gerontology,34, 58\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210749","volume":"3","author":"J. D. Read","year":"1996","unstructured":"Read, J. D. (1996). From a passing thought to a false memory in 2 minutes: Confusing real and illusory events.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,3, 105\u2013111.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0005","volume":"35","author":"H. L. Roediger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roediger, H. L., III (1996). Memory illusions.Journal of Memory & Language,35, 76\u2013100.","journal-title":"Journal of Memory & Language"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.803","volume":"21","author":"H. L. Roediger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roediger, H. L., III, &McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,21, 803\u2013814.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR34","unstructured":"Russell, W. A., & Jenkins, J. J. (1954).The complete Minnesota norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association Test (Tech. Rep. No. 11, Contract N8 ONR 66216, Office of Naval Research). University of Minnesota."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Memory distortion: How minds, brains and societies reconstruct the past","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L. (1995). Memory distortion: History and current status. In D. L. Schacter, J. T. Coyle, G. D. Fischbach, M.-M. Mesulam, & L. E. Sullivan (Eds.),Memory distortion: How minds, brains and societies reconstruct the past (pp. 1\u201343). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR36","volume-title":"Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L. (1996).Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.321","volume":"93","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Alpert, N. M., Savage, C. R., Rauch, S. L., &Albert, M. S. (1996). Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,93, 321\u2013325.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00165-4","volume":"34","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Curran, T., Galluccio, L., Milberg, W., &Bates, J. (1996). False recognition and the right frontal lobe: A case study.Neuropsychologia,34, 793\u2013808.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80158-0","volume":"17","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Reiman, E., Curran, T., Yun, L. S., Bandy, D., Mc-Dermott, K. B., &Roediger, H. L., III (1996). Neuroanatomical correlates of veridical and illusory recognition memory revealed by PET.Neuron,17, 267\u2013274.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/376587a0","volume":"376","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Reiman, E., Uecker, A., Polster, M. R., Yun, L. S., &Cooper, L. A. (1995). Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information.Nature,376, 587\u2013590.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199604260-00014","volume":"7","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Savage, C. R., Alpert, N. M., Rauch, S. L., &Albert, M. S. (1996). The role of hippocampus and frontal cortex in agerelated memory changes: A PET study.NeuroReport,7,1165\u20131169.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0018","volume":"35","author":"D. L. Schacter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Verfaellie, M., &Pradere, D. (1996). The neuropsychology of memory illusions: False recall and recognition in amnesic patients.Journal of Memory & Language,35, 319\u2013334.","journal-title":"Journal of Memory & Language"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.12.2.171","volume":"12","author":"J. W. Schooler","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schooler, J. W., Gerhard, D., &Loftus, E. F. (1986). Qualities of the unreal.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,12, 171\u2013181.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR44","first-page":"803","volume-title":"The cognitive neurosciences","author":"A. P. Shimamura","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shimamura, A. P. (1995). Memory and frontal lobe function. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.),The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 803\u2013813). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1837","volume":"89","author":"L. R. Squire","year":"1992","unstructured":"Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., &Raichle, M. E. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,89, 1837\u20131841.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR46","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Handbook of neuropsychology","author":"D. T. Stuss","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stuss, D. T., Eskes, G. A., &Foster, J. K. (1994). Experimental neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 9, pp. 149\u2013185). Amsterdam: Elsevier."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036846","volume":"103","author":"R. A. Sulin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sulin, R. A., &Dooling, D. J. (1974). Intrusion of a thematic idea in the retention of prose.Journal of Experimental Psychology,103, 255\u2013262.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080017","volume":"26","author":"E. Tulving","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness.Canadian Psychologist,26, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Canadian Psychologist"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR49","unstructured":"Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., Blanchard, L., & Rosen, M. (1996, April).Older adults show greater false recognition effects than young adults. Paper presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR50","unstructured":"Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., & Rosen, M. J. (1995, November).Age effects on false memory for words. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles."},{"key":"BF03211328_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022014","volume":"70","author":"B. J. Underwood","year":"1965","unstructured":"Underwood, B. J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit verbal responses.Journal of Experimental Psychology,70, 122\u2013129.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03211328_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.20.4.934","volume":"20","author":"M. S. Zaragoza","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zaragoza, M. S., &Lane, S. M. (1994). Source misattributions and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 934\u2013945.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition"}],"container-title":["Memory & Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03211328.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/BF03211328\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03211328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T10:57:01Z","timestamp":1572865021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/BF03211328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BF03211328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03211328","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-502X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5946","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}}}