{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:14:56Z","timestamp":1767971696404,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the study of human behaviour, non-social targets are often used as a control for human-to-human interactions. However, the concept of anthropomorphisation suggests that human-like qualities can be attributed to non-human objects. This can prove problematic in psychological experiments, as computers are often used as non-social targets. Here, we assessed the degree of computer anthropomorphisation in a sequential and iterated prisoner\u2019s dilemma. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200941) faced three opponents in the prisoner\u2019s dilemma paradigm\u2014a human, a computer, and a roulette\u2014all represented by images presented at the commencement of each round. Cooperation choice frequencies and transition probabilities were estimated within subjects, in rounds against each opponent. We found that participants anthropomorphised the computer opponent to a high degree, while the same was not found for the roulette (i.e. no cooperation choice difference vs human opponents; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.99). The difference in participants\u2019 behaviour towards the computer vs the roulette was further potentiated by the precedent roulette round, in terms of both cooperation choice (61%, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u2009.007) and cooperation probability after reciprocated defection (79%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.007). This suggests that there could be a considerable anthropomorphisation bias towards computer opponents in social games, even for those without a human-like appearance. Conversely, a roulette may be a preferable non-social control when the opponent\u2019s abilities are not explicit or familiar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02071-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T20:06:01Z","timestamp":1676318761000},"page":"667-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Computer anthropomorphisation in a socio-economic dilemma"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Cogoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Fiuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Hassanein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2071_CR1","volume-title":"The evolution of cooperation","author":"R Axelrod","year":"1984","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"2071_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9411-7","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, X., Hackett, P. D., DeMarco, A. C., Feng, C., Stair, S., Haroon, E., Ditzen, B., Pagnoni, G., & Rilling, J. K. (2016). Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the neural response to unreciprocated cooperation within brain regions involved in stress and anxiety in men and women. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 10(2), 581\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-015-9411-7","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"key":"2071_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.01.006","volume":"78","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X., Gautam, P., Haroon, E., & Rilling, J. K. (2017). Within vs. between-subject effects of intranasal oxytocin on the neural response to cooperative and non-cooperative social interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.01.006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2071_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812770684_0001","volume-title":"The Iterated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma: 20 Years On","author":"SY Chong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chong, S. Y., Humble, J., Kendall, G., Li, J., & Yao, X. (2007). The Iterated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma: 20 Years On. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/9789812770684_0001"},{"key":"2071_CR5","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2071_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHCS.2018.09.008","volume":"122","author":"R de Kleijn","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Kleijn, R., van Es, L., Kachergis, G., & Hommel, B. (2019). Anthropomorphization of artificial agents leads to fair and strategic, but not altruistic behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 122, 168\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJHCS.2018.09.008","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"2071_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.09.009","volume-title":"When do people cooperate?","author":"CH Declerck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., & Emonds, G. (2013). When do people cooperate? Brain and Cognition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.09.009"},{"key":"2071_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00148","volume":"6","author":"DA Engemann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Engemann, D. A., Bzdok, D., Eickhoff, S. B., Vogeley, K., & Schilbach, L. (2012). Games people play\u2014toward an enactive view of cooperation in social neuroscience. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00148","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2071_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism. 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