{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:00:19Z","timestamp":1773396019091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISPA \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, Shirai and Watanabe <jats:italic>Royal Society Open Science, 9<\/jats:italic>(1), 211128 (2022) developed OBNIS (Open Biological Negative Image Set), a comprehensive database containing images (primarily animals but also fruits, mushrooms, and vegetables) that visually elicit disgust, fear, or neither. OBNIS was initially validated for a Japanese population. In this article, we validated the color version of OBNIS for a Portuguese population. In study 1, the methodology of the original article was used. This allowed direct comparisons between the Portuguese and Japanese populations. Aside from a few emotional classification mismatches between disgust, fear, or neither-related images, we found that arousal and valence relate distinctively in both populations. In contrast to the Japanese sample, the Portuguese reported increased arousal for more positive valenced stimuli, suggesting that OBNIS images elicit positive emotions in the Portuguese population. These results showed important cross-cultural differences regarding OBNIS. In study 2, a methodological change was introduced: instead of the three classification options used originally (fear, disgust, or neither), six basic emotions were used (fear, disgust, sadness, surprise, anger, happiness), and a \u201cneither\u201d option, to confirm whether some of the originally \u201cneither-related\u201d images are associated with positive emotions (happiness). Additionally, the low-order visual properties of images (luminosity, contrast, chromatic complexity, and spatial frequency distribution) were explored due to their important role in emotion-related research. A fourth image group associated with happiness was found in the Portuguese sample. Moreover, image groups present differences regarding the low-order visual characteristics, which are correlated with arousal and valence ratings, highlighting the importance of controlling such characteristics in emotion-related research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:04:48Z","timestamp":1680739488000},"page":"860-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validation of the open biological negative image set for a Portuguese population: Comparing Japanese and Portuguese samples and an exploration of low-order visual properties of the stimuli"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel F.","family":"Benr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G\u00fcn R.","family":"Semin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2090_CR1","unstructured":"Adobe Inc. (2012). Adobe Photoshop (CS6). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/photoshop.html"},{"issue":"13","key":"2090_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17413","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-017-5311-8\/METRICS","volume":"77","author":"SM Alarc\u00e3o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alarc\u00e3o, S. M., & Fonseca, M. J. (2018). Identifying emotions in images from valence and arousal ratings. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77(13), 17413\u201317435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-017-5311-8\/METRICS","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/A0027555","volume":"12","author":"LF Barrett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barrett, L. F. (2012). Emotions are real. Emotion, 12(3), 413\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/A0027555","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00003","volume":"8","author":"LF Barrett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(1), 10\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.00003","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EURPSY.2006.09.006","volume":"22","author":"ES Becker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., T\u00fcrke, V., Kause, P., Goodwin, R., Neumer, S., & Margraf, J. (2007). Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the dresden mental health study. European Psychiatry, 22(2), 69\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EURPSY.2006.09.006","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","volume":"25","author":"MM Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.3.276","volume":"1","author":"MM Bradley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.1.3.276","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1469-8986.2007.00520.X","volume":"44","author":"MM Bradley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradley, M. M., Hamby, S., L\u00f6w, A., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Brain potentials in perception: Picture complexity and emotional arousal. Psychophysiology, 44(3), 364\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1469-8986.2007.00520.X","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.401","volume":"115","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 401\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.401","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-019-09780-y","volume":"43","author":"L Carreti\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carreti\u00e9, L., Tapia, M., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00edn, S., & Albert, J. (2019). EmoMadrid: An emotional pictures database for affect research. Motivation and Emotion, 43(6), 929\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-019-09780-y","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/JSS.V061.I06","volume":"61","author":"M Charrad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., & Niknafs, A. (2014). NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/JSS.V061.I06","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPR.2008.09.007","volume":"29","author":"JM Cisler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2009). Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 34\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CPR.2008.09.007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"2090_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021819834226","volume":"72","author":"B \u0106oso","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0106oso, B., Guasch, M., Ferr\u00e9, P., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2019). Affective and concreteness norms for 3,022 Croatian words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(9), 2302\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021819834226","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3758\/S13428-011-0064-1\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"43","author":"ES Dan-Glauser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): A new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 468\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/S13428-011-0064-1\/FIGURES\/2","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00250.x","volume":"3","author":"RJ Davidson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davidson, R. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1992). New developments in the scientific study of emotion: An introduction to the special section. Psychological Science, 3(1), 21\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00250.x","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.05.030","volume":"165","author":"S Delplanque","year":"2007","unstructured":"Delplanque, S., N\u2019diaye, K., Scherer, K., & Grandjean, D. (2007). Spatial frequencies or emotional effects? A systematic measure of spatial frequencies for IAPS pictures by a discrete wavelet analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 165(1), 144\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.05.030","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.3.550","volume":"99","author":"P Ekman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? Psychological Review, 99(3), 550\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.99.3.550","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2090_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04270_1.x","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using SPSS","author":"A Field","year":"2014","unstructured":"Field, A. (2014). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04270_1.x","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X12444061","volume":"24","author":"F Funke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Funke, F., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Why semantic differentials in web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not from 5-point scales. Field Methods, 24(3), 310\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1525822X12444061","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"2090_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gayet, S., Stein, T., & Peelen, M. V. (2019). The danger of interpreting detection differences between image categories: A brief comment on \u201cmind the snake: fear detection relies on low spatial frequencies\u201d (Gomes, Soares, Silva, & Silva, 2018). In Emotion. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000550","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000550"},{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000391","volume":"18","author":"N Gomes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomes, N., Soares, S. C., Silva, S., & Silva, C. F. (2018). Mind the snake: Fear detection relies on low spatial frequencies. Emotion, 18(6), 886\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000391","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"2090_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000632","volume":"19","author":"N Gomes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gomes, N., Silva, S., & Soares, S. C. (2019). \u201cThreat-unrelated\u201d properties: An ill-defined concept. A reply to \u201cThe danger of interpreting detection differences between image categories\u201d (Gayet, Stein, & Peelen, 2019). Emotion, 19(5), 933\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000632","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2090_CR23","volume-title":"The psychology of fear and stress","author":"JA Gray","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2090_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grimaldos, J., Duque, A., Palau-Batet, M., Pastor, M. C., Bret\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, J., & Quero, S. (2021). Cockroaches are scarier than snakes and spiders: Validation of an affective standardized set of animal images (ASSAI). Behavior Research Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-021-01577-7","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01577-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.07.002","volume":"77","author":"KJ Holmes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holmes, K. J., & Lourenco, S. F. (2011). Common spatial organization of number and emotional expression: A mental magnitude line. Brain and Cognition, 77(2), 315\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.07.002","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2090_CR26","unstructured":"JASP Team. (2022). JASP (0.16.2). https:\/\/jasp-stats.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x","volume":"18","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Costello, P., & He, S. (2007). Processing of invisible stimuli: Advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression. Psychological Science, 18(4), 349\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938808415229","volume":"2","author":"CH John","year":"1988","unstructured":"John, C. H. (1988). Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 240 emotional and non-emotional words. Cognition & Emotion, 2(1), 49\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699938808415229","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"2090_CR29","volume-title":"Applied Multivariate Methods for Data Analysts","author":"DE Johnson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Johnson, D. E. (1998). Applied Multivariate Methods for Data Analysts. Brooks\/Coole Publishing Company."},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030811","volume":"139","author":"P Kuppens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2013). The relation between valence and arousal in subjective experience. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 917\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030811","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0715-3","volume":"49","author":"B Kurdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). Introducing the open affective standardized image set (OASIS). Behavior Research Methods, 49(2), 457\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-016-0715-3","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2090_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.013","volume":"112","author":"P Kurt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurt, P., Ero\u011flu, K., Bayram Kuzgun, T., & G\u00fcntekin, B. (2017). The modulation of delta responses in the interaction of brightness and emotion. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 112, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.013","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2090_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.781501","volume":"27","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens, D., Fockenberg, D. A., Lemmens, K. P. H., Ham, J., & Midden, C. J. H. (2013). Brightness differences influence the evaluation of affective pictures. Cognition & Emotion, 27(7), 1225\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2013.781501","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"2090_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315806914","volume-title":"Emotions: Essays on emotion theory","author":"PJ Lang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lang, P. J. (1994). The motivational organization of emotion: Affect-reflex connections. In S. H. M. van Goozen, N. E. Van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 61\u201393). Psychology Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315806914"},{"key":"2090_CR35","volume-title":"International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings","author":"PJ Lang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. University of Florida."},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-013-0196-8","volume":"58","author":"M Lohani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lohani, M., Gupta, R., & Srinivasan, N. (2013). Cross-cultural evaluation of the international affective picture system on an Indian sample. Psychological Studies, 58(3), 233\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12646-013-0196-8","journal-title":"Psychological Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3758\/S13428-013-0379-1\/TABLES\/4","volume":"46","author":"A Marchewka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marchewka, A., \u017burawski, \u0141., Jednor\u00f3g, K., & Grabowska, A. (2014). The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 596\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/S13428-013-0379-1\/TABLES\/4","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(09)80011-9","volume":"29","author":"G Matchett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matchett, G., & Davey, G. C. L. (1991). A test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(1), 91\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(09)80011-9","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2090_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matejka, J., Glueck, M., Grossman, T., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2016). The Effect of Visual Appearance on the Performance of Continuous Sliders and Visual Analogue Scales. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 5421\u20135432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2858036.2858063","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858063"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616685863","volume":"12","author":"AM Mattek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mattek, A. M., Wolford, G. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2017). A Mathematical Model Captures the Structure of Subjective Affect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(3), 508\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691616685863","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2090_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00189-4","volume":"41","author":"B Mesquita","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mesquita, B., & Walker, R. (2003). Cultural differences in emotions: A context for interpreting emotional experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(7), 777\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00189-4","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2090_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1093\/CERCOR\/BHM215","volume":"18","author":"MM M\u00fcller","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M. M., Andersen, S. K., & Keil, A. (2008). Time course of competition for visual processing resources between emotional pictures and foreground task. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 18(8), 1892\u20131899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/CERCOR\/BHM215","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/S00357-014-9161-Z","volume":"31","author":"F Murtagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murtagh, F., & Legendre, P. (2014). Ward\u2019s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: Which algorithms implement ward\u2019s criterion? Journal of Classification, 31(3), 274\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00357-014-9161-Z","journal-title":"Journal of Classification"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","volume":"108","author":"A \u00d6hman","year":"2001","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01211","volume":"12","author":"A \u00d6hman","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, A., & Mineka, S. (2003). The malicious serpent: Snakes as a prototypical stimulus for an evolved module of fear. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(1), 5\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.01211","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2090_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1521\/JSCP.2005.24.7.932","volume":"24","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olatunji, B. O., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 932\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/JSCP.2005.24.7.932","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","volume":"51","author":"J Peirce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., H\u00f6chenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., & Lindel\u00f8v, J. K. (2019). PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2090_CR48","first-page":"1056","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"B Pitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pitt, B., & Casasanto, D. (2016). Spatializing Emotion: A Mapping of Valence or Magnitude? In D. Grodnerd, D. Mirman, A. Papafragou, & J. Trueswell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1056\u20131061). Cognitive Science Society."},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12409","volume":"111","author":"J Pol\u00e1k","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pol\u00e1k, J., R\u00e1dlov\u00e1, S., Janovcov\u00e1, M., Flegr, J., Landov\u00e1, E., & Frynta, D. (2020). Scary and nasty beasts: Self-reported fear and disgust of common phobic animals. British Journal of Psychology, 111(2), 297\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjop.12409","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2090_CR50","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing\u00a0(4.2.2). R Foundation for Statistical Computing.\u00a0https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"2090_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/271063","volume":"25","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/271063","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"2090_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00953","volume":"11","author":"C Redies","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redies, C., Grebenkina, M., Mohseni, M., Kaduhm, A., & Dobel, C. (2020). Global Image Properties Predict Ratings of Affective Pictures. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00953","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23","volume":"94","author":"P Rozin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-011-0062-x","volume":"12","author":"M Sakaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakaki, M., Niki, K., & Mather, M. (2012). Beyond arousal and valence: The importance of the biological versus social relevance of emotional stimuli. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(1), 115\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-011-0062-x","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2090_CR55","unstructured":"Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. Wiley."},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211128","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211128","volume":"9","author":"R Shirai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirai, R., & Watanabe, K. (2022). Open biological negative image set. Royal Society Open Science, 9(1), 211128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.211128","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0535-2","volume":"47","author":"AP Soares","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Costa, A., Frade, C. S., Comesa\u00f1a, M., & Pureza, R. (2015). Adaptation of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1159\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-014-0535-2","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"2090_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TICS.2006.10.007","volume":"10","author":"PT Sowden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sowden, P. T., & Schyns, P. G. (2006). Channel surfing in the visual brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(12), 538\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TICS.2006.10.007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030747","volume":"11","author":"H Sta\u0148kov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sta\u0148kov\u00e1, H., Janovcov\u00e1, M., Pel\u00e9\u0161kov\u00e1, \u0160., Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, K., Landov\u00e1, E., & Frynta, D. (2021). The ultimate list of the most frightening and disgusting animals: Negative emotions elicited by animals in Central European respondents. Animals, 11(3), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030747","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701319154","volume":"22","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strauss, G. P., & Allen, D. N. (2008). Emotional intensity and categorisation ratings for emotional and nonemotional words. Cognition and Emotion, 22(1), 114\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930701319154","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"7","key":"2090_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2138","volume":"11","author":"JM Susskind","year":"2008","unstructured":"Susskind, J. M., Lee, D. H., Cusi, A., Feiman, R., Grabski, W., & Anderson, A. K. (2008). Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition. Nature Neuroscience, 11(7), 843\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2138","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1628","key":"2090_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130067","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0067","volume":"368","author":"BM t Hart","year":"2013","unstructured":"t Hart, B. M., Schmidt, H. C. E. F., Klein-Harmeyer, I., & Einh\u00e4user, W. (2013). Attention in natural scenes: contrast affects rapid visual processing and fixations alike. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1628), 20130067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0067","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2090_CR63","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). HarperCollins.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.2.288","volume":"90","author":"JL Tsai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 288\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.2.288","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410388395","volume":"19","author":"HL Urry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion Regulation in Older Age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721410388395","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2090_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00244-9","volume":"42","author":"RLP Vimal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vimal, R. L. P. (2002). Spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of achromatic and chromatic conditions. Vision Research, 42(5), 599\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00244-9","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10615809208248369","volume":"5","author":"K Webb","year":"1992","unstructured":"Webb, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (1992). Disgust sensitivity and fear of animals: Effect of exposure to violent or revulsive material. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 5(4), 329\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615809208248369","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.671","volume":"42","author":"V Willenbockel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Willenbockel, V., Sadr, J., Fiset, D., Horne, G. O., Gosselin, F., & Tanaka, J. W. (2010). Controlling low-level image properties: The SHINE toolbox. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 671\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.42.3.671","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0793-2","volume":"49","author":"Z Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017). Norms of valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, and context availability for 1,100 Chinese words. Behavior Research Methods, 49(4), 1374\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-016-0793-2","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023980","volume":"11","author":"M Yik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11(4), 705\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023980","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2090_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yik, M., Mues, C., Sze, I. N. L., Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., De Roover, K., \u2026 Russell, J. A. (2022). On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe. Emotion. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0001095","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001095"}],"container-title":["Behavior Research Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T02:03:47Z","timestamp":1706753027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02090-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-3528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-3528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Studies were reviewed and approved by the host institution's (i.e., ISPA - Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisbon, Portugal) ethics committee (reference number: I-082-05-22). Studies were conducted following the American Psychological Association standards and the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants gave their informed consent before participating in the study. At the end of the data collection session, all participants were debriefed about the study's goals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave their informed consent to publish their data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the finding of this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}