{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:57:15Z","timestamp":1782233835076,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Beilstein Institut","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The visible light photocatalytic reduction of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to fuel is crucial for the sustainable development of energy resources. In our present work, we report the synthesis of novel reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> nanoflake (NF) and quantum dot (QD) hybrid materials (GCN) for visible light induced reduction of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> NFs and QDs are prepared by acid treatment of C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> nanosheets followed by ultrasonication and hydrothermal heating at 130\u2013190 \u00b0C for 5\u221220 h. It is observed that hydrothermal exposure of acid-treated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) nanosheets at low temperature generated larger NFs, whereas QDs are formed at higher temperatures. The formation of GCN hybrid materials was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV\u2013vis spectroscopy. High-resolution TEM images clearly show that C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> QDs (average diameter of 2\u20133 nm) and NFs (\u224820\u201345 nm) are distributed on the rGO surface within the GCN hybrid material. Among the as-prepared GCN hybrid materials, GCN-5 QDs exhibit excellent CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reductive activity for the generation of formaldehyde, HCHO (10.3 mmol h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Therefore, utilization of metal-free carbon-based GCN hybrid materials could be very promising for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> photoreduction because of their excellent activity and environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T09:09:44Z","timestamp":1550048984000},"page":"448-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reduced graphene oxide supported C<sub>3<\/sub>N<sub>4<\/sub> nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO<sub>2<\/sub> reduction"],"prefix":"10.3762","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Rakibuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haekyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2086","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201411096"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400087"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja410363v"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.8.159"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7mh00557a"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.09.093"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b00620"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ta10180h"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.07.026"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja506433k"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2017.05.033"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.08.173"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4gc01400f"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03601-3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aad4c8"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7sc01747b"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2317"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cc02543a"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b11520"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.04.080"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03347-y"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-016-1391-4"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.03.102"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.09.026"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2017.00011"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ta06497k"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm13490f"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.07.053"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b01431"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cc08996k"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.05.018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la402268u"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra24624e"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ta09919f"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ta04639a"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.03.037"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6nj02366e"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra02553f"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01534"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b613098d"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2010.04.017"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja207586e"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.09.032"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ra00765e"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0033-5"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2017.06.006"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.03.045"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b02089"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01539a017"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja075184x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0550416"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1956.0102"}],"container-title":["Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/10\/44","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/content\/pdf\/2190-4286-10-44.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/10\/44","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/10\/44","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1624635037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/10\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3762\/bjnano.10.44","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]}}}