{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:25:04Z","timestamp":1787135104413,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Beilstein Institut","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although photodynamic therapy selectively eradicates tumours via light-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, conventional photosensitizers suffer from poor solubility and a reliance on short-wavelength light with limited tissue penetration. To address this, we developed a redox-responsive polymeric nanocarrier through free-radical polymerization of a pre-assembled micellar ensemble. This ensemble formed spontaneously in aqueous solution by encapsulating the hydrophobic photosensitizer\n                    <jats:italic>meso<\/jats:italic>\n                    -tetrakis(\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin within a core composed of the disulfide-containing monomer\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, while a viologen-functionalized resorcinarene cavitand anchored at the micelle surface, providing colloidal stability. Polymerization yielded core\u2013shell nanoparticles with a glutathione-cleavable, disulfide-rich core and a viologen-decorated shell. In vitro investigations across a broad panel of six malignant and two non-malignant cell lines demonstrated low dark cytotoxicity and acceptable blood compatibility, with hemolysis remaining below 10%. In the dark, the formulation induced a non-lethal, transient cytostatic effect driven by early-stage apoptosis. Crucially, upon 650 nm laser irradiation, the nanocarrier engaged powerful photodynamic activity, triggering a massive transition to late apoptosis and direct cell death, resulting in near-complete tumor cell eradication. ROS generation, subcellular localization, and programmed cell death mechanisms were confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, establishing the developed redox-responsive system as an effective candidate for targeted photodynamic therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.17.78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:36:18Z","timestamp":1787132178000},"page":"1142-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A redox-responsive viologen\u2013cavitand nanocarrier for dual-function photodynamic therapy"],"prefix":"10.3762","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1632-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey A","family":"Maslennikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6400-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey Yu","family":"Usanyov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qrtgy16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/000000009620717X","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5793-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir A","family":"Shamsutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05256ym39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000405439688","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna P","family":"Lyubina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey A","family":"Parfenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra D","family":"Voloshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irek R","family":"Nizameev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01b7wh712","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000406458776","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsil K","family":"Kadirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01b7wh712","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000406458776","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4276-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rezeda R","family":"Fazleeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5087-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitaly V","family":"Yanilkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8374-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kseniya A","family":"Zhdanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qrtgy16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/000000009620717X","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natal\u2019ya A","family":"Bragina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qrtgy16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/000000009620717X","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-9923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albina Y","family":"Ziganshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000121929124","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor S","family":"Antipin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05256ym39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000405439688","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2086","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102156"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/photochem4040027"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201501923"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112796"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102091"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2017.09.003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0140-z"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"53","volume":"59","author":"Nowak-Stepniowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postepy Biochemii"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095466302317414672"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-3659(99)00248-5"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2024.2318460"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra02564d"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00247"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060571"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202513567"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntm.2025.100092"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1986.232"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13730"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13550"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.139673"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0928-0987(03)00017-4"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.031"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115690"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2023.108559"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245854"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra15165e"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201402221"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201403721"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117801"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128578"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108816"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp00277g"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7se00255f"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2025.112855"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-023-06749-9"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.11.007"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082786"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202406168"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.058"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-75"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093358"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra27288f"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.12.017"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Handbook of Analytical Chemistry","author":"Lur\u2019e","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/78","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/content\/pdf\/2190-4286-17-78.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/78","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:36:19Z","timestamp":1787132179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3762\/bjnano.17.78","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}