{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:01:05Z","timestamp":1790236865708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Beilstein Institut","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANRF\/DST, New Delhi","award":["PURSE Project No.: SR\/PURSE\/2024\/240; ANRF Project No.: CRG\/2023\/008294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PURSE Project No.: SR\/PURSE\/2024\/240; ANRF Project No.: CRG\/2023\/008294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The two most crucial reactions in energy storage and conversion systems are oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, their sluggish kinetics arise the need for commercially feasible bifunctional electrocatalysts to assist the reaction by improving its kinetics at the same time ensuring durability and also taking cost into account. The fundamentals of the oxygen electrodes are discussed followed by various techniques adopted by researchers to tune the electronic structures of carbon- and transition metal-based nanostructures towards enhanced activity in ORR\/OER. Emphasis is placed on correlating catalyst structure\/composition with electrocatalytic properties, simultaneously highlighting the persistent challenges. Hence, the review provides an overview on the recent advances in the field of non-precious bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode reactions, which will serve as a foundation for their application in various fields including metal\u2013air batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.17.90","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:33:56Z","timestamp":1790235236000},"page":"1302-1319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonprecious bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode reactions"],"prefix":"10.3762","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaheen Parveez","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005x56091","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000090589832","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhrigu Kumar","family":"Pegu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005x56091","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000090589832","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan Jyoti","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005x56091","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000090589832","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragya Moni","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005x56091","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000090589832","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3471-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Bharali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005x56091","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000090589832","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2086","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00542"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5c05473"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c23387"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806296"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c19514"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700544"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b04061"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1069"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.2c00694"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c03321"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b09299"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b02479"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.09.046"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10101164"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj1584"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132038"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228696"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-018-0002-3"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.08.138"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201800373"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201509982"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100717"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12030453"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13172397"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/nre.2023.9120092"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-6854(200107)1:2<105::aid-fuce105>3.0.co;2-9"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp047349j"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rar2.70097"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-019-0210-3"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4sc02853h"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155005"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.08.412"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309231"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202104718"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00524"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0sc01532f"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-021-00668-0"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202411479"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5cs00597c"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ya00551a"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701475"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.12.032"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202000503"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705048"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202101603"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202100584"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2018.03.022"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ta01482a"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8qm00070k"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-018-0003-2"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.05.021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b413177k"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2315"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201810207"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2014.03.011"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604942"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202001097"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra08884j"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106488"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503211"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.12.013"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-024-05478-5"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ta00555d"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8100475"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030381"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ee01046f"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.07.047"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra00352c"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ta07609a"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtener.2021.100816"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125718"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c11945"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6cs00328a"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ta10569j"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600977"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5re00328h"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4qi02179g"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202408227"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.4c03003"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201303971"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ta01321g"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093087"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp077210j"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104587v"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ta07878d"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153642"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c01477"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400011z"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.217393"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02300"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.06.027"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.04.165"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.06.062"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.144450"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2022.11.048"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra03222k"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8se00068a"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2024.108335"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201500286"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.170828"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c03213"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b04639"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ta03762d"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0nj01164a"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.137479"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201900553"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.05.063"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.08.040"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b00417"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.170232"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c20630"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137537"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.117099"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.01.143"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171924"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.141477"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202300815"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306844"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114369"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2023.122523"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.122356"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201802327"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ta07765a"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra02861h"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ta09864k"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c07208"}],"container-title":["Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/90","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/content\/pdf\/2190-4286-17-90.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/90","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:33:57Z","timestamp":1790235237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.beilstein-journals.org\/bjnano\/articles\/17\/90"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":126,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3762\/bjnano.17.90","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}