{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1771378826880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Academy of Audiology","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j am acad audiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>Associations between vascular health\u2010related factors and hearing loss defined using audiometric pure-tone thresholds have been found. Studies have not focused on a potential relationship between vascular health\u2010related factors and central auditory processing.<jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>The\n aim of this study was to evaluate, on a population level, the relationship of vascular health\u2010related factors with central auditory function.<jats:bold>Research Design:<\/jats:bold>A cross-sectional, population study.<jats:bold>Study Sample:<\/jats:bold>Subjects were participants in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss\n Study (EHLS) or the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS)\u2014prospective studies of aging and sensory loss. BOSS participants were the adult offspring of participants in the EHLS. Participants who completed the Dichotic Digits Test (DDT) during the fourth examination period of the EHLS (2008\u20102010)\n or the second examination period of the BOSS (2010\u20102013) were included (n = 3,655, mean age = 61.1 years).<jats:bold>Data Collection and Analysis:<\/jats:bold>The DDT-free recall test was conducted using 25 sets of triple-digit pairs at a 70 dB HL presentation level. The total number of correctly repeated\n digits from the right and left ears was converted to a percentage correct and used as an outcome. The percentage correct in the left ear was subtracted from the percentage correct in the right ear and used as an outcome. Vascular health\u2010related measures obtained during the examination\n included blood pressure, mean carotid intima-media thickness, femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), hemoglobin A1C, and non\u2010high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and, in the EHLS participants, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Information on vascular health\u2010related history\n and behaviors was self-reported. General linear modeling produced estimates of the age- and sex-adjusted least squares means for each vascular factor, and multiple linear regression was used for multivariable modeling of each outcome.<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>After multivariable adjustment, participants\n with diabetes had a significantly lower (worse) mean DDT-free recall total score (\u22122.08 percentage points, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) than those without diabetes. Participants who exercised at least once per week had a significantly higher (better) mean DDT-free recall total score (+1.07 percentage\n points, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) than those who did not exercise at least once per week. Alcohol consumption was associated with a higher DDT-free recall total score (+0.15 percentage points per +25 g ethanol, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In multivariable modeling of the right\u2010left ear difference\n in DDT-free recall scores, participants with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or higher PWV demonstrated significantly larger differences (CVD: +3.11 percentage points, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02; PWV: +0.36 percentage points per 1 m\/sec, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Higher levels of non-HDL cholesterol\n were associated with smaller right\u2010left ear differences (\u22120.22 percentage points per 10 mg\/dL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). Adjustment for handedness did not affect the results.<jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>Vascular health\u2010related factors may play a role in central auditory function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T01:05:16Z","timestamp":1518570316000},"page":"282-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Epidemiologic Study of the Association between Free Recall Dichotic Digits Test Performance and Vascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3766","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Cruickshanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren K.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Nondahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara E. K.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Pankow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted S.","family":"Tweed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla R.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayna S.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2087","container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/aaa\/jaaa\/2019\/00000030\/00000004\/art00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T08:06:59Z","timestamp":1738829219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.3766\/jaaa.17079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1050-0545(20190401)30:4L.282;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.17079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-0545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-0545","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}