{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:36:02Z","timestamp":1776836162305,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Audiology","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j am acad audiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Vestibulo-spinal reflexes (VSR) contribute to postural control from the neck to the lower extremities. The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), recorded from neck muscles, assesses the upper VSR and is used in research and clinical settings.\n However, no clinical tools evaluate the full length of the VSR. Although lower-limb VEMP recordings show potential, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results.\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study examines the feasibility of recording a VEMP from the gastrocnemius muscle using acoustic\n stimulation.\n                    <jats:bold>Research Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Feasibility study using single group cross-section research design.\n                    <jats:bold>Study Sample:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Thirteen healthy participants aged 20\u201026\u2009years, all with present cVEMP responses.\n                    <jats:bold>Data Collection and Analysis:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants underwent gastrocnemius VEMP recordings using stimuli, recording parameters, and electrode placements from previous studies. The stimuli included air-conduction clicks and 500-Hz tone bursts (132 dB peak SPL), as well as bone-conduction 500-Hz tone bursts (125 dB peak FL).\n Participants activated the gastrocnemius by leaning forward onto their toes, and recordings were obtained from both the ipsilateral and contralateral gastrocnemius muscles.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Replicable gastrocnemius VEMPs were observed in only two participants, even though all exhibited\n robust cVEMPs. In these two participants, responses showed N1P1 and N2P2 peaks between 55 and 105 milliseconds. The amplitude decreased with lower electromyography contraction, but the wave morphology remained unaffected by head turn or eye closure. Some participants found the stimuli loud\n and uncomfortable and reported fatigue from prolonged toe-standing.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The response rates for gastrocnemius VEMPs are low. The findings suggest gastrocnemius VEMPs are observed in few individuals when using 132 dB peak SPL acoustic stimulation. The same stimulus\n and recording protocols are ineffective for most young, healthy individuals with present cVEMPs. A more intense stimulus may be needed to elicit gastrocnemius VEMPs; however, this approach is limited by potential hearing risks.\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Relevance Statement:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Recording vestibular\n spinal reflexes from lower limb muscles using acoustic stimulation appears clinically unfeasible. Alternative methods, such as galvanic stimulation, should be explored for assessing vestibulo-spinal function in the lower extremities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.250009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T01:05:45Z","timestamp":1761959145000},"page":"125-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility in Recording Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials from the Gastrocnemius Muscles Using Acoustic Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3766","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Raghav H.","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin G.","family":"Piker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus D.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2087","reference":[{"issue":"(4)","key":"c1","first-page":"525","article-title":"Anodal vestibular stimulation does not suppress vestibular reflexes in human subjects","volume":"150","year":"2003","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"c2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Galvanic and acoustic vestibular stimulation activate different populations of vestibular afferents","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"c3","volume-title":"Baloh and Honrubia\u2019s clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c4","first-page":"204","article-title":"Nature of average evoked potentials to sound and other stimuli in man","volume":"112","year":"1964","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"c5","first-page":"457","volume":"9","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"c6","first-page":"e0004672","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in schistosomal myeloradiculopathy","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"c7","first-page":"545","article-title":"Sound evoked triceps myogenic potentials","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c8","first-page":"932","article-title":"Safe levels of acoustic stimulation: comment on \u201ceffects of acoustic stimuli used for vestibular evoked myogenic potential studies on the cochlear function\u201d","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c9","first-page":"48","article-title":"Potencial evocado miog\u00eanico vestibular (VEMP) com est\u00edmulo galv\u00e2nico em indiv\u00edduos normais","volume":"80","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"c10","first-page":"661","article-title":"Human body-segment tilts induced by galvanic stimulation: a vestibularly driven balance protection mechanism","volume":"500","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"c11","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Differing response properties of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials evoked by air-conducted stimulation","volume":"125","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c12","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Otolith function in man","volume":"112","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c13","first-page":"193","article-title":"Selective activation of human soleus or gastrocnemius in reflex responses during walking and running","volume":"87","year":"1991","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"c14","article-title":"Directive 2003\/10\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89\/391\/EEC)","year":"2003"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c15","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cochleovestibular afferent pathways of trapezius muscle responses to clicks in human","volume":"118","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"c16","first-page":"729","article-title":"Muscular control of landing from unexpected falls in man","volume":"219","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c17","first-page":"60","article-title":"Decreased gastrocnemius temporal muscle activation during gait in elderly women with history of recurrent falls","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"c18","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Effects of acoustic stimuli used for vestibular evoked myogenic potential studies on the cochlear function","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otology and Neurotology"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.02.026","article-title":"Increased gain of vestibulospinal potentials evoked in neck and leg muscles when standing under height-induced postural threat","volume":"293","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"c20","volume-title":"Occupational noise exposure, revised criteria","year":"1998"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"c21","first-page":"e0226263","article-title":"Swaying slower reduces the destabilizing effects of a compliant surface on voluntary sway dynamics","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"c22","first-page":"708","article-title":"Safe use of acoustic vestibular-evoked myogenic potential stimuli: protocol and patient-specific considerations","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"c23","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Vestibular hypersensitivity to sound in superior canal dehiscence: large evoked responses in the legs produce little postural sway","volume":"119","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c24","first-page":"688","article-title":"Lower extremity myogenic potentials evoked by acoustic stimuli in healthy adults","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"issue":"(May)","key":"c25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potential on ocular, cervical, and soleus muscles to assess the extent of neurological impairment in HTLV-1 infection","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"c26","first-page":"628","article-title":"Cephalogyric reactions of non-labyrinthine origin","volume":"135","year":"1942","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"c27","first-page":"131","article-title":"Response of the labyrinthine apparatus to electrical stimulation: site of action; faradic stimulation; inverse effects of anodic and cathodic stimulation","volume":"38","year":"1943","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.12.022","article-title":"Changes in cochlear function related to acoustic stimulation of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential stimulation","volume":"340","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"c29","first-page":"476","article-title":"EMG responses in the soleus muscles evoked by unipolar galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"105","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology\/Electromyography and Motor Control"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"c30","first-page":"504","article-title":"Vestibular-evoked electromyographic responses in soleus: A comparison between click and galvanic stimulation","volume":"119","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/aaa\/jaaa\/2026\/00000037\/00000002\/art00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:36:25Z","timestamp":1776832585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.3766\/jaaa.250009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1050-0545(20260301)37:2L.125;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.250009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-0545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-0545","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}