{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:36:11Z","timestamp":1776836171793,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Audiology","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j am acad audiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The triangle completion test (TCT) is a clinical measure of spatial navigation that has been associated with vestibular function. There are limited data on its statistical reliability.\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aimed to assess the test\u2010retest\n reliability of the TCT.\n                    <jats:bold>Research Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Test\u2010retest study of prospectively recruited participants.\n                    <jats:bold>Study Sample:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants aged 60 years or older with no falls within the last 12\u2009months and no history of vestibular dysfunction were\n recruited. Twenty participants were included, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 69.2 (6.25) years. Participants were equally divided among male and female participants (50.0 percent) and were predominantly White (80.0 percent).\n                    <jats:bold>Intervention:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Patients walked right\n triangles with leg lengths 1 meter (m) by 2\u2009m by 2.23\u2009m. Participants walked four triangles in the test trial (Trial One) and four triangles in the retest trial (Trial Two) without visual or auditory cues.\n                    <jats:bold>Data Collection and Analysis:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Endpoint error and angular\n deviation were measured for each triangle. Participants were retested three hours later. Test\u2010retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and absolute reliability was assessed using the minimal detectable change (MDC).\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In\n Trial One, participants had a mean endpoint error of 80.5 (53.4) centimeters (cm) and a mean angular deviation of 12.5 (4.82) degrees. In Trial Two, participants had a mean endpoint error of 64.4 (23.6) cm and a mean angular deviation of 14.4 (6.91) degrees. Endpoint error had poor reliability\n (ICC 0.05, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]: \u22121.41, 0.62), whereas angular deviation had fair reliability (ICC 0.72, 95 percent CI: 0.28, 0.89). The endpoint error had an MDC of 144.7 cm, and the angular deviation had an MDC of 7.13 degrees.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    TCT angular\n deviation shows promise for good reliability, whereas endpoint error showed poor reliability. Further refinements to the TCT are needed to improve clinical feasibility and reliability.\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Relevance Statement:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These results call into question the feasibility and reliability\n of the TCT and highlight the need for protocol standardization and optimization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.250055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:06:03Z","timestamp":1760594763000},"page":"108-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Test\u2010Retest Reliability of the Triangle Completion Test"],"prefix":"10.3766","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nathan Gabriel","family":"Sattah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Hernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney D.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Mountain Home Hearing and Balance Research Program, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin G.","family":"Piker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristal","family":"Riska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2087","reference":[{"issue":"(11)","key":"c1","first-page":"2137","article-title":"Saccular function is associated with both angular and distance errors on the triangle completion test","volume":"130","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"c2","first-page":"375","article-title":"Vestibular syndrome: a change in internal spatial representation","volume":"38","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique\/Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"(1\u20132)","key":"c3","first-page":"191","article-title":"Walking performance of vestibular-defective patients before and after unilateral vestibular neurotomy","volume":"150","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"c4","first-page":"Article fcad345","article-title":"Vestibular damage affects the precision and accuracy of navigation in a virtual visual environment","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c5","first-page":"507","article-title":"Minimal detectable change of the actual amount of use test and the motor activity log: the EXCITE trial","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"c6","first-page":"567","article-title":"Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and postural control in adults with age-related hearing loss","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"c7","first-page":"Article e0195424","article-title":"Reliability, minimal detectable change and responsiveness to change: indicators to select the best method to measure sedentary behaviour in older adults in different study designs","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"c8","first-page":"661","article-title":"Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. II. Response to sinusoidal stimulation and dynamics of peripheral vestibular system","volume":"34","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"c9","volume-title":"The design and analysis of clinical experiments","year":"1986"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"c10","first-page":"195","article-title":"Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? Map- versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"c11","first-page":"662","article-title":"Minimal detectable change scores for the Wolf motor function test","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"c12","first-page":"323","article-title":"Goal-directed linear locomotion in normal and labyrinthine-defective subjects","volume":"98","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"(1\u20136)","key":"c13","first-page":"101","article-title":"Responses of peripheral vestibular neurons to angular and linear accelerations in the squirrel monkey","volume":"80","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c14","first-page":"486","article-title":"Minimal detectable change and clinically important difference of the stroke impact scale in stroke patients","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"c15","first-page":"115","article-title":"Correlation and agreement: overview and clarification of competing concepts and measures","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c16","first-page":"73","article-title":"Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: assessment of path integration ability","volume":"122","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 945953","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.945953","article-title":"Reliability of the triangle completion test in the real-world and in virtual reality","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"c18","first-page":"Article 11469","article-title":"Aging and spatial cues influence the updating of navigational memories","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"(13)","key":"c19","first-page":"2749","article-title":"Are impairments in visual-spatial attention a critical factor for increased falls risk in seniors? An event-related potential study","volume":"47","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"(24)","key":"c20","first-page":"7767","article-title":"Vestibular hypofunction in patients with presbycusis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"c21","first-page":"Article pzac068","article-title":"Revisiting the concept of minimal detectable change for patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"102","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"c22","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Effects of older age on visual and self-motion sensory cue integration in navigation","volume":"242","year":"2024","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"(19)","key":"c23","first-page":"e2081","article-title":"Spatial navigation and its association with biomarkers and future dementia in memory clinic patients without dementia","volume":"99","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"c24","first-page":"Article e73990","article-title":"The case for using the repeatability coefficient when calculating test-retest reliability","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00484","article-title":"Psychometric tests and spatial navigation: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"c26","first-page":"906","article-title":"Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the functional gait assessment","volume":"84","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00173","article-title":"Vestibular loss in older adults is associated with impaired spatial navigation: data from the triangle completion task","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"c28","first-page":"692","article-title":"Age-related changes in spatial navigation are evident by midlife and differ by sex","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"c29","first-page":"122","article-title":"Age-related differences in associative learning of landmarks and heading directions in a virtual navigation task","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/aaa\/jaaa\/2026\/00000037\/00000002\/art00004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:36:43Z","timestamp":1776832603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.3766\/jaaa.250055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1050-0545(20260301)37:2L.108;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.250055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-0545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-0545","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}