{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:46:37Z","timestamp":1792698397677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"73","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/50180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T16:17:15Z","timestamp":1364573835000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in <em>Caenorhabditis Elegans<\/em>"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Soukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-11-96","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lipid droplets as ubiquitous fat storage organelles in C. elegans","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, S.O., Trimble, R., Guo, F., & Mak, H.Y. Lipid droplets as ubiquitous fat storage organelles in C. elegans. BMC Cell biology. 11, 96, doi:10.1186\/1471-2121-11-96 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Cell"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Finding function in novel targets: C. elegans as a model organism","volume":"5","author":"Kaletta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaletta, T. & Hengartner, M.O. Finding function in novel targets: C. elegans as a model organism. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 5, 387-398, doi:10.1038\/nrd2031 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn121","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans: an emerging model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Toxicological Sciences: An Official","volume":"106","author":"Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung, M.C., et al. Caenorhabditis elegans: an emerging model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 106, 5-28, doi:10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn121 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of the Society of Toxicology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01279","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genome-wide RNAi analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans fat regulatory genes","volume":"421","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ashrafi, K., et al. Genome-wide RNAi analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans fat regulatory genes. Nature. 421, 268-272 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2010.23","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional modularity of nuclear hormone receptors in a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic gene regulatory network","volume":"6","author":"Arda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arda, H.E., et al. Functional modularity of nuclear hormone receptors in a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic gene regulatory network. Mol. Syst. Biol. 6, 367 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1739","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polygenic control of Caenorhabditis elegans fat storage","volume":"38","author":"Mak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mak, H.Y., Nelson, L.S., Basson, M., Johnson, C.D., & Ruvkun, G. Polygenic control of Caenorhabditis elegans fat storage. Nature Genetics. 38, 363-368 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fat metabolism links germline stem cells and longevity in C. elegans","volume":"322","author":"Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, M.C., O'Rourke, E.J., & Ruvkun, G. Fat metabolism links germline stem cells and longevity in C. elegans. Science. 322, 957-960 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"C. elegans major fats are stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles","volume":"10","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Rourke, E.J., Soukas, A.A., Carr, C.E., & Ruvkun, G. C. elegans major fats are stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles. Cell Metab. 10, 430-435 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007545","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The influence of bacterial diet on fat storage in C. elegans","volume":"4","author":"Brooks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brooks, K.K., Liang, B., & Watts, J.L. The influence of bacterial diet on fat storage in C. elegans. PLoS ONE. 4, e7545, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0007545 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012810","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A comparative study of fat storage quantitation in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using label and label-free methods","volume":"5","author":"Yen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yen, K., et al. A comparative study of fat storage quantitation in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using label and label-free methods. PLoS ONE. 5, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0012810 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.093534","type":"journal-article","article-title":"glo-3, a novel Caenorhabditis elegans gene, is required for lysosome-related organelle biogenesis","volume":"180","author":"Rabbitts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rabbitts, B.M., et al. glo-3, a novel Caenorhabditis elegans gene, is required for lysosome-related organelle biogenesis. Genetics. 180, 857-871, doi:10.1534\/genetics.108.093534 (2008).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.942","type":"journal-article","article-title":"daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"277","author":"Kimura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kimura, K.D., Tissenbaum, H.A., Liu, Y., & Ruvkun, G. daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 277, 942-946 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1775409","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rictor\/TORC2 regulates fat metabolism, feeding, growth, and life span in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"23","author":"Soukas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soukas, A.A., Kane, E.A., Carr, C.E., Melo, J.A., & Ruvkun, G. Rictor\/TORC2 regulates fat metabolism, feeding, growth, and life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev. 23, 496-511, (2009).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00411-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"C elegans: a model for exploring the genetics of fat storage","volume":"4","author":"McKay","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKay, R.M., McKay, J.P., Avery, L., & Graff, J.M. C elegans: a model for exploring the genetics of fat storage. Dev. Cell. 4, 131-142 (2003).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D011940","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fluorescence-based fixative and vital staining of lipid droplets in Caenorhabditis elegans reveal fat stores using microscopy and flow cytometry approaches","volume":"52","author":"Klapper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klapper, M., et al. Fluorescence-based fixative and vital staining of lipid droplets in Caenorhabditis elegans reveal fat stores using microscopy and flow cytometry approaches. J. Lipid Res. 52, 1281-1293, doi:10.1194\/jlr.D011940 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703594104","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Monitoring of lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy","volume":"104","author":"Hellerer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hellerer, T., et al. Monitoring of lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 14658-14663, doi:10.1073\/pnas.0703594104 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1556","type":"journal-article","article-title":"RNAi screening for fat regulatory genes with SRS microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, M.C., Min, W., Freudiger, C.W., Ruvkun, G., & Xie, X.S. RNAi screening for fat regulatory genes with SRS microscopy. Nat. Methods. 8, 135-138, doi:10.1038\/nmeth.1556 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"833","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Application of Nile red, a fluorescent hydrophobic probe, for the detection of neutral lipid deposits in tissue sections: comparison with oil red","volume":"33","author":"Fowler","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fowler, S.D. & Greenspan, P. Application of Nile red, a fluorescent hydrophobic probe, for the detection of neutral lipid deposits in tissue sections: comparison with oil red O. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33, 833-836 (1985)."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.100.3.965","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nile red: a selective fluorescent stain for intracellular lipid droplets","volume":"100","author":"Greenspan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Greenspan, P., Mayer, E.P., & Fowler, S.D. Nile red: a selective fluorescent stain for intracellular lipid droplets. J. Cell Biol. 100, 965-973 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199637393.001.0001","type":"book","volume-title":"C. elegans: A Practical Approach","author":"Hope","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hope, I. L. C. elegans: A Practical Approach. New York, Oxford University Press. 304 (1999)."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.08.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A 13C isotope labeling strategy reveals the influence of insulin signaling on lipogenesis in C. elegans","volume":"8","author":"Perez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perez, C.L. & Van Gilst, M.R. A 13C isotope labeling strategy reveals the influence of insulin signaling on lipogenesis in C. elegans. Cell Metab. 8, 266-274 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.01.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dietary manipulation implicates lipid signaling in the regulation of germ cell maintenance in C. elegans","volume":"292","author":"Watts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watts, J.L. & Browse, J. Dietary manipulation implicates lipid signaling in the regulation of germ cell maintenance in C. elegans. Developmental Biology. 292, 381-392, doi:10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.01.013 (2006).","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, T.J., et al. Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nature medicine. 17, 448-453, doi:10.1038\/nm.2307 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44442","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lipid profiling identifies a triacylglycerol signature of insulin resistance and improves diabetes prediction in humans","volume":"121","author":"Rhee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rhee, E.P., et al. Lipid profiling identifies a triacylglycerol signature of insulin resistance and improves diabetes prediction in humans. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121, 1402-1411, doi:10.1172\/JCI44442 (2011).","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis, G.D., et al. Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma. Science translational medicine. 2, 33ra37, doi:10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001006 (2010).","journal-title":"Science translational medicine"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009111132","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metabolite profiling identifies markers of uremia","volume":"21","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rhee, E.P., et al. Metabolite profiling identifies markers of uremia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 21, 1041-1051, doi:10.1681\/ASN.2009111132 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/7.2.265","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Isolation and structural analysis of three neutral glycosphingolipids from a mixed population of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda:Rhabditida)","volume":"7","author":"Gerdt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gerdt, S., Lochnit, G., Dennis, R.D., & Geyer, R. Isolation and structural analysis of three neutral glycosphingolipids from a mixed population of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda:Rhabditida). Glycobiology. 7, 265-275 (1997).","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref28","type":"book","volume-title":"Advances in Lipid Methodology - Two","author":"Christie","year":"1993","unstructured":"Christie, W.W. Advances in Lipid Methodology - Two., Oily Press, 69-111 (1993)."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092064799","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic dissection of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"99","author":"Watts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Watts, J.L. & Browse, J. Genetic dissection of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 5854-5859 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1984","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An image analysis toolbox for high-throughput C. elegans assays","author":"Wahlby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wahlby, C., et al. An image analysis toolbox for high-throughput C. elegans assays. Nat. Methods. doi:10.1038\/nmeth.1984 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38612-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Use of nile red for the rapid in situ quantitation of lipids on thin-layer chromatograms","volume":"28","author":"Fowler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fowler, S.D., Brown, W.J., Warfel, J., & Greenspan, P. Use of nile red for the rapid in situ quantitation of lipids on thin-layer chromatograms. J. Lipid Res. 28, 1225-1232 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"issue":"60","key":"ref32","first-page":"e3448","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans","author":"Squiban","year":"2012","unstructured":"Squiban, B., Belougne, J., Ewbank, J., & Zugasti, O. Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans. J. Vis. Exp. (60), e3448, doi:10.3791\/3448 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp"},{"issue":"51","key":"ref33","first-page":"e2745","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains","author":"Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leung, C.K., Deonarine, A., Strange, K., & Choe, K.P. High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains. J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2745, doi:10.3791\/2745 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"E860","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Total body lipid and triglyceride response to energy deficit: relevance to body composition models","volume":"274","author":"Comizio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Comizio, R., et al. Total body lipid and triglyceride response to energy deficit: relevance to body composition models. The American journal of physiology. 274, E860-866 (1998).","journal-title":"The American journal of physiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42989-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The metabolism of wax ters and other lipids by the marine copepod, Calanus helgolandicus","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lee, R.F., Paffenhofer, G.A., Nevenzel, J.C., & Benson, A.A. The metabolism of wax ters and other lipids by the marine copepod, Calanus helgolandicus. J. Lipid Res. 11, 237-240 (1970).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400078-JLR200","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Requirement of PPARalpha in maintaining phospholipid and triacylglycerol homeostasis during energy deprivation","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee, S.S., et al. Requirement of PPARalpha in maintaining phospholipid and triacylglycerol homeostasis during energy deprivation. J. Lipid Res. 45, 2025-2037, doi:10.1194\/jlr.M400078-JLR200 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1972.tb54780.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A fluid lipid-globular protein mosaic model of membrane structure","volume":"195","author":"Singer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Singer, S.J. A fluid lipid-globular protein mosaic model of membrane structure. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 195, 16-23 (1972).","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4023.720","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes","volume":"175","author":"Singer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Singer, S.J. & Nicolson, G.L. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science. 175, 720-731 (1972).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90898.2008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The genetics of neutral lipid biosynthesis: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"297","author":"Turkish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Turkish, A.R. & Sturley, S.L. The genetics of neutral lipid biosynthesis: an evolutionary perspective. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 297, E19-27, doi:10.1152\/ajpendo.90898.2008 (2009).","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jove.com\/video\/50180\/biochemical-high-throughput-microscopic-assessment-fat-mass","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:16:12Z","timestamp":1792696572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/50180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/50180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,30]]}}}