{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:43:35Z","timestamp":1792626215150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"157","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/60379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1583348409000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Erin  M.","family":"Boisvert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert  E.","family":"Means","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Michaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason  J.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph  A.","family":"Madri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel G.","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.4.743","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Understanding vertebrate brain evolution","volume":"42","author":"Northcutt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Northcutt, R. G. Understanding vertebrate brain evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (4), 743-756, (2002).","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6259-6","type":"book","volume-title":"The Long Evolution of Brains and Minds","author":"Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth, G. The Long Evolution of Brains and Minds. Springer Netherlands, (2013)."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.031.2009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain","volume":"3","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel, S. The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 3, 31, (2009).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.03.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolution of the brain and intelligence","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roth, G., Dicke, U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 9 (5), 250-257, (2005).","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.09.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals","volume":"3","author":"Eiraku","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eiraku, M. et al. Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell. 3 (5), 519-532, (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1402","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watanabe, K. et al. Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells. Nature Neuroscience. 8 (3), 288-296, (2005).","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315710110","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell-derived neocortex","volume":"110","author":"Kadoshima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kadoshima, T. et al. Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell-derived neocortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (50), 20284-20289, (2013).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7467","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly","volume":"501","author":"Lancaster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lancaster, M. A. et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 501 (7467), 373-379, (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Specification of motoneurons from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, X. J. et al. Specification of motoneurons from human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology. 23 (2), 215-221, (2005).","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1201-1129","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, S. C., Wernig, M., Duncan, I. D., Brustle, O., Thomson, J. A. In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology. 19 (12), 1129-1133, (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3415","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture","volume":"12","author":"Pasca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasca, A. M. et al. Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nat Methods. 12 (7), 671-678, (2015).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200900758","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Matrigel: a complex protein mixture required for optimal growth of cell culture","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hughes, C. S., Postovit, L. M., Lajoie, G. A. Matrigel: a complex protein mixture required for optimal growth of cell culture. Proteomics. 10 (9), 1886-1890, (2010).","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain-Region-Specific Organoids Using Mini-bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure","volume":"165","author":"Qian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qian, X. et al. Brain-Region-Specific Organoids Using Mini-bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure. Cell. 165 (5), 1238-1254, (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0032-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generation and assembly of human brain region-specific three-dimensional cultures","volume":"13","author":"Sloan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sloan, S. A., Andersen, J., Pasca, A. M., Birey, F., Pasca, S. P. Generation and assembly of human brain region-specific three-dimensional cultures. Nature Protocols. 13 (9), 2062-2085, (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.05.022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stem Cell Models of Human Brain Development","volume":"18","author":"Kelava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelava, I., Lancaster, M. A. Stem Cell Models of Human Brain Development. Cell Stem Cell. 18 (6), 736-748, (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1553-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Minocycline mitigates the effect of neonatal hypoxic insult on human brain organoids","volume":"10","author":"Boisvert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boisvert, E. M., Means, R. E., Michaud, M., Madri, J. A., Katz, S. G. Minocycline mitigates the effect of neonatal hypoxic insult on human brain organoids. Cell Death and Disease. 10 (4), 325, (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Death and Disease"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0066-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood-brain-barrier organoids for investigating the permeability of CNS therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Bergmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergmann, S. et al. Blood-brain-barrier organoids for investigating the permeability of CNS therapeutics. Nature Protocols. 13 (12), 2827-2843, (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4127","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids","volume":"36","author":"Mansour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mansour, A. A. et al. An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nature Biotechnology. 36 (5), 432-441, (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generation of human vascularized brain organoids","volume":"29","author":"Pham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pham, M. T. et al. Generation of human vascularized brain organoids. Neuroreport. 29 (7), 588-593, (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"74","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/50321-v","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The specification of telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells","author":"Boisvert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boisvert, E. M., Denton, K., Lei, L., Li, X. J. The specification of telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 10.3791\/50321 (74), (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/60379\/a-static-self-directed-method-for-generating-brain-organoids-from","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:30:17Z","timestamp":1792625417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/60379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"157","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/60379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}