{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:39:13Z","timestamp":1792622353885,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"168","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/62217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1613329210000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In vitro Quantitative Imaging Assay for Phagocytosis of Dead Neuroblastoma Cells by iPSC-Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Hazel","family":"Hall-Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Di Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally A.","family":"Cowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"008748","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clearing the dead: apoptotic cell sensing, recognition, engulfment, and digestion","volume":"5","author":"Hochreiter-Hufford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hochreiter-Hufford, A., Ravichandran, K. S. Clearing the dead: apoptotic cell sensing, recognition, engulfment, and digestion. Cold Spring Harbour Perspectives in Biology. 5, a008748 (2013).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbour Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12212","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phagocytosis: receptors, signal integration, and the cytoskeleton","volume":"2262","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freeman, S. A., Grinstein, S. Phagocytosis: receptors, signal integration, and the cytoskeleton. Immunological Reviews. 262, 193-215 (2014).","journal-title":"Immunological Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0242-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hickman, S., Izzy, S., Sen, P., Morsett, L., El Khoury, J. Microglia in neurodegeneration. Nature Neuroscience. 21 (10), 1359-1369 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00790","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phagocytosis in the brain: Homeostasis and disease","volume":"10","author":"Galloway","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galloway, D. A., Phillips, A. E. M., Owen, D. R. J., Moore, C. S. Phagocytosis in the brain: Homeostasis and disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 10, 790 (2019).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14618","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease: potential therapeutic targets","volume":"176","author":"Nizami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nizami, S., Hall-Roberts, H., Warrier, S., Cowley, S. A., Di Daniel, E. Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease: potential therapeutic targets. British Journal of Pharmacology. 176 (18), 3515-3532 (2019).","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6286","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"352","author":"Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong, S. et al. Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models. Science. 352 (6286), 712-716 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003600","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inhibition of microglial phagocytosis is sufficient to prevent inflammatory neuronal death","volume":"186","author":"Neher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neher, J. J. et al. Inhibition of microglial phagocytosis is sufficient to prevent inflammatory neuronal death. The Journal of Immunology. 186 (8), 4973-4983 (2011).","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3710","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, G. C., Neher, J. J. Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 (4), 209-216 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105380","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105380","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Local externalization of phosphatidylserine mediates developmental synaptic pruning by microglia","volume":"39","author":"Scott-Hewitt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott-Hewitt, N. et al. Local externalization of phosphatidylserine mediates developmental synaptic pruning by microglia. The EMBO Journal. 39 (16), e105380 (2020).","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104136","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019104136","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A splicing isoform of GPR56 mediates microglial synaptic refinement via phosphatidylserine binding","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. A splicing isoform of GPR56 mediates microglial synaptic refinement via phosphatidylserine binding. The EMBO Journal. 39 (16), e104136 (2020).","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.095","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine externalization results from and causes neurite degeneration in Drosophila","volume":"24","author":"Sapar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sapar, M. L. et al. Phosphatidylserine externalization results from and causes neurite degeneration in Drosophila. Cell Reports. 24 (9), 2273-2286 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007684","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The TLR4 adaptor TRAM controls the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the Rab11-family interacting protein 2","volume":"15","author":"Skjesol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skjesol, A. et al. The TLR4 adaptor TRAM controls the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the Rab11-family interacting protein 2. PLOS Pathogens. 15 (3), e1007684 (2019).","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.04.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Paraformaldehyde induces elevation of intracellular calcium and phosphatidylserine externalization in platelets","volume":"117","author":"Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong, K., Li, X., Ma, Y. Paraformaldehyde induces elevation of intracellular calcium and phosphatidylserine externalization in platelets. Thrombosis Research. 117 (5), 537-542 (2006).","journal-title":"Thrombosis Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficient, long term production of monocyte-derived macrophages from human pluripotent stem cells under partly-defined and fully-defined conditions","volume":"8","author":"van Wilgenburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Wilgenburg, B., Browne, C., Vowles, J., Cowley, S. A. Efficient, long term production of monocyte-derived macrophages from human pluripotent stem cells under partly-defined and fully-defined conditions. PLoS One. 8 (8) (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response","volume":"8","author":"Haenseler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haenseler, W. et al. A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response. Stem Cell Reports. 8 (6), 1727-1742 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.12.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages share ontogeny with MYB-independent tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Buchrieser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buchrieser, J., James, W., Moore, M. D. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages share ontogeny with MYB-independent tissue-resident macrophages. Stem Cell Reports. 8 (2), 334-345 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00709-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TREM2 Alzheimer's variant R47H causes similar transcriptional dysregulation to knockout, yet only subtle functional phenotypes in human iPSC-derived macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Hall-Roberts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall-Roberts, H. et al. TREM2 Alzheimer's variant R47H causes similar transcriptional dysregulation to knockout, yet only subtle functional phenotypes in human iPSC-derived macrophages. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. 12, 151 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diverse brain myeloid expression profiles reveal distinct microglial activation states and aspects of Alzheimer's disease not evident in mouse models","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Friedman, B. A. et al. Diverse brain myeloid expression profiles reveal distinct microglial activation states and aspects of Alzheimer's disease not evident in mouse models. Cell Reports. 22 (3), 832-847 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1431s100","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages using pHrodo succinimidyl ester","volume":"100","author":"Aziz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aziz, M., Yang, W. L., Wang, P. Measurement of phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages using pHrodo succinimidyl ester. Current Protocols in Immunology. 100, 14.31.1-14.31.8 (2013).","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Immunology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108699","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Adaptation of robust Z' factor for assay quality assessment in microelectrode array based screening using adult dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"339","author":"Atmaramani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atmaramani, R., Pancrazio, J. J., Black, B. J. Adaptation of robust Z' factor for assay quality assessment in microelectrode array based screening using adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 339, 108699 (2020).","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.01.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ER Stress and Autophagic Perturbations Lead to Elevated Extracellular \u03b1-Synuclein in GBA-N370S Parkinson's iPSC-Derived Dopamine Neurons","volume":"6","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandes, H.J.R., et al. ER Stress and Autophagic Perturbations Lead to Elevated Extracellular \u03b1-Synuclein in GBA-N370S Parkinson's iPSC-Derived Dopamine Neurons. Stem Cell Reports. 6(3), 342-356 (2016).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041611","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2","volume":"201","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takahashi, K., Rochford, C. D. P., Neumann, H. Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 201 (4), 647-657 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.04.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TREM2-ligand interactions in health and disease","volume":"429","author":"Kober","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kober, D. L., Brett, T. J. TREM2-ligand interactions in health and disease. Journal of Molecular Biology. 429 (11), 1607-1629 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"6286","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"352","author":"Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong, S. et al. Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models. Science. 352 (6286), 712-716 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0751060.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neurons by microglia\/brain macrophages in vitro: Involvement of lectin-, integrin-, and phosphatidylserine-mediated recognition","volume":"75","author":"Witting","year":"2000","unstructured":"Witting, A., M\u00fcller, P., Herrmann, A., Kettenmann, H., Nolte, C. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neurons by microglia\/brain macrophages in vitro: Involvement of lectin-, integrin-, and phosphatidylserine-mediated recognition. Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (3), 1060-1070 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06042.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A role for TREM2 ligands in the phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cells by microglia","volume":"109","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. L. et al. A role for TREM2 ligands in the phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cells by microglia. Journal of Neurochemistry. 109 (4), 1144-1156 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/cpim.49","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantifying microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the brain in health and disease","volume":"122","author":"Beccari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beccari, S., Diaz-Aparicio, I., Sierra, A. Quantifying microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the brain in health and disease. Current Protocols in Immunology. 122 (1), e49 (2018).","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0993-19.2019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia actively remodel adult hippocampal neurogenesis through the phagocytosis secretome","volume":"40","author":"Diaz-Aparicio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diaz-Aparicio, I. et al. Microglia actively remodel adult hippocampal neurogenesis through the phagocytosis secretome. Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (7), 1453-1482 (2020).","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43535-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Aminophospholipids are signal-transducing TREM2 ligands on apoptotic cells","volume":"9","author":"Shirotani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirotani, K. et al. Aminophospholipids are signal-transducing TREM2 ligands on apoptotic cells. Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 1-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.094","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia-like cells harboring TREM2 missense mutations show specific deficits in phagocytosis","volume":"24","author":"Garcia-Reitboeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia-Reitboeck, P. et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia-like cells harboring TREM2 missense mutations show specific deficits in phagocytosis. Cell Reports. 24 (9), 2300-2311 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Reports"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/62217\/in-vitro-quantitative-imaging-assay-for-phagocytosis-dead","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:00:43Z","timestamp":1792620043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/62217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"168","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/62217","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]}}}