{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:38:09Z","timestamp":1792615089822,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"185","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/64175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T20:00:09Z","timestamp":1657224009000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Isolation and Direct Neuronal Reprogramming of Mouse Astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Bob A.","family":"Hersbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Masserdotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74917-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatial cell type composition in normal and Alzheimers human brains is revealed using integrated mouse and human single cell RNA sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson, T. S. et al. Spatial cell type composition in normal and Alzheimers human brains is revealed using integrated mouse and human single cell RNA sequencing. Scientific Reports. 10 (1), 18014 (2020).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6293","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1204","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain","volume":"352","author":"Lake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lake, B. B. et al. Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain. Science. 352 (6293), 1586-1590 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7697","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25999","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons","volume":"555","author":"Mayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mayer, C. et al. Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons. Nature. 555 (7697), 457-462 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6368","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8809","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories reveal developmental hierarchies of the human cortex","volume":"358","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nowakowski, T. J. et al. Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories reveal developmental hierarchies of the human cortex. Science. 358 (6368), 1318-1323 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.182154","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Establishing neuronal diversity in the spinal cord: a time and a place","volume":"146","author":"Sagner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sagner, A., Briscoe, J. Establishing neuronal diversity in the spinal cord: a time and a place. Development. 146 (22), dev182154 (2019).","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular architecture of the mouse nervous system","volume":"174","author":"Zeisel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeisel, A. et al. Molecular architecture of the mouse nervous system. Cell. 174 (4), 999-1014 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-018-0044-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues","volume":"3","author":"Iismaa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iismaa, S. E. et al. Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regenerative Medicine. 3, 6 (2018).","journal-title":"NPJ Regenerative Medicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2020.06.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Vertebrate brain regeneration - a community effort of fate-restricted precursor cell types","volume":"64","author":"Lange","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lange, C., Brand, M. Vertebrate brain regeneration - a community effort of fate-restricted precursor cell types. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 64, 101-108 (2020).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Genetics & Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2879","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advances in understanding tissue regenerative capacity and mechanisms in animals","volume":"11","author":"Poss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poss, K. D. Advances in understanding tissue regenerative capacity and mechanisms in animals. Nature Reviews Genetics. 11 (10), 710-722 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-017-0033-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuronal replacement therapy: previous achievements and challenges ahead","volume":"2","author":"Grade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grade, S., Gotz, M. Neuronal replacement therapy: previous achievements and challenges ahead. NPJ Regenerative Medicine. 2, 29 (2017).","journal-title":"NPJ Regenerative Medicine"},{"issue":"7705","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0087-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New approaches for brain repair-from rescue to reprogramming","volume":"557","author":"Barker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker, R. A., Gotz, M., Parmar, M. New approaches for brain repair-from rescue to reprogramming. Nature. 557 (7705), 329-334 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.11.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct neuronal reprogramming: Fast forward from new concepts toward therapeutic approaches","volume":"110","author":"Bocchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bocchi, R., Masserdotti, G., Gotz, M. Direct neuronal reprogramming: Fast forward from new concepts toward therapeutic approaches. Neuron. 110 (3), 366-393 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112169108","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein alpha (C\/EBP(alpha))-induced transdifferentiation of pre-B cells into macrophages involves no overt retrodifferentiation","volume":"108","author":"Di Tullio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Tullio, A. et al. CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein alpha (C\/EBP(alpha))-induced transdifferentiation of pre-B cells into macrophages involves no overt retrodifferentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (41), 17016-17021 (2011).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1012875","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cell divisions are not essential for the direct conversion of fibroblasts into neuronal cells","volume":"14","author":"Fishman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fishman, V. S. et al. Cell divisions are not essential for the direct conversion of fibroblasts into neuronal cells. Cell Cycle. 14 (8), 1188-1196 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000373","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Directing astroglia from the cerebral cortex into subtype specific functional neurons","volume":"8","author":"Heinrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heinrich, C. et al. Directing astroglia from the cerebral cortex into subtype specific functional neurons. PLoS Biology. 8 (5), e1000373 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"issue":"7607","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18323","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dissecting direct reprogramming from fibroblast to neuron using single-cell RNA-seq","volume":"534","author":"Treutlein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Treutlein, B. et al. Dissecting direct reprogramming from fibroblast to neuron using single-cell RNA-seq. Nature. 534 (7607), 391-395 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4877","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3175662","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MyoD1: a nuclear phosphoprotein requiring a Myc homology region to convert fibroblasts to myoblasts","volume":"242","author":"Tapscott","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tapscott, S. J. et al. MyoD1: a nuclear phosphoprotein requiring a Myc homology region to convert fibroblasts to myoblasts. Science. 242 (4877), 405-411 (1988).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90317-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1\/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"1979","unstructured":"Taylor, S. M., Jones, P. A. Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1\/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine. Cell. 17 (4), 771-779 (1979).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"32","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8654","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1615-07.2007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional properties of neurons derived from in vitro reprogrammed postnatal astroglia","volume":"27","author":"Berninger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berninger, B. et al. Functional properties of neurons derived from in vitro reprogrammed postnatal astroglia. Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (32), 8654-8664 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.09.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct lineage conversion of terminally differentiated hepatocytes to functional neurons","volume":"9","author":"Marro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marro, S. et al. Direct lineage conversion of terminally differentiated hepatocytes to functional neurons. Cell Stem Cell. 9 (4), 374-382 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"7284","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08797","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors","volume":"463","author":"Vierbuchen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vierbuchen, T. et al. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Nature. 463 (7284), 1035-1041 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901430405","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative cytoarchitectonic distribution of neurons, glia, and DNa in rat cerebral cortex","volume":"143","author":"Bass","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bass, N. H., Hess, H. H., Pope, A., Thalheimer, C. Quantitative cytoarchitectonic distribution of neurons, glia, and DNa in rat cerebral cortex. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 143 (4), 481-490 (1971).","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0180697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180697","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity across the brain and spinal cord occurs developmentally, in adulthood and in response to demyelination","volume":"12","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoon, H., Walters, G., Paulsen, A. R., Scarisbrick, I. A. Astrocyte heterogeneity across the brain and spinal cord occurs developmentally, in adulthood and in response to demyelination. PLoS One. 12 (7), e0180697 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101011-155801","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The cell biology of neurogenesis: toward an understanding of the development and evolution of the neocortex","volume":"30","author":"Taverna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taverna, E., Gotz, M., Huttner, W. B. The cell biology of neurogenesis: toward an understanding of the development and evolution of the neocortex. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 30, 465-502 (2014).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution","volume":"11","author":"Batiuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batiuk, M. Y. et al. Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution. Nature Communication. 11 (1), 1220 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain","volume":"22","author":"Boisvert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boisvert, M. M., Erikson, G. A., Shokhirev, M. N., Allen, N. J. The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. Cell Reports. 22 (1), 269-285 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107532","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020107532","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular diversity of diencephalic astrocytes reveals adult astrogenesis regulated by Smad4","volume":"40","author":"Ohlig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohlig, S. et al. Molecular diversity of diencephalic astrocytes reveals adult astrogenesis regulated by Smad4. The EMBO Journal. 40 (21), e107532 (2021).","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe8978","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes and neurons share region-specific transcriptional signatures that confer regional identity to neuronal reprogramming","volume":"7","author":"Herrero-Navarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herrero-Navarro, A. et al. Astrocytes and neurons share region-specific transcriptional signatures that confer regional identity to neuronal reprogramming. Science Advances. 7 (15), eabe8978 (2021).","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109409","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heterogeneity of neurons reprogrammed from spinal cord astrocytes by the proneural factors Ascl1 and Neurogenin2","volume":"36","author":"Kempf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kempf, J. et al. Heterogeneity of neurons reprogrammed from spinal cord astrocytes by the proneural factors Ascl1 and Neurogenin2. Cell Reports. 36 (3), 109409 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.08.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inducing Different Neuronal Subtypes from Astrocytes in the Injured Mouse Cerebral Cortex","volume":"103","author":"Mattugini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattugini, N. et al. Inducing Different Neuronal Subtypes from Astrocytes in the Injured Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Neuron. 103 (6), 1086-1095 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nn828","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glial cells generate neurons: the role of the transcription factor Pax6","volume":"5","author":"Heins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heins, N. et al. Glial cells generate neurons: the role of the transcription factor Pax6. Nature Neuroscience. 5 (4), 308-315 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.05.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcriptional mechanisms of proneural factors and REST in regulating neuronal reprogramming of astrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Masserdotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masserdotti, G. et al. Transcriptional mechanisms of proneural factors and REST in regulating neuronal reprogramming of astrocytes. Cell Stem Cell. 17 (1), 74-88 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.01.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying Ascl1-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron conversion","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rao, Z. et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying Ascl1-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron conversion. Stem Cell Reports. 16 (3), 534-547 (2021).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.12.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification and successful negotiation of a metabolic checkpoint in direct neuronal reprogramming","volume":"18","author":"Gascon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gascon, S. et al. Identification and successful negotiation of a metabolic checkpoint in direct neuronal reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell. 18 (3), 396-409 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CRISPR-mediated induction of neuron-enriched mitochondrial proteins boosts direct glia-to-neuron conversion","volume":"28","author":"Russo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russo, G. L. et al. CRISPR-mediated induction of neuron-enriched mitochondrial proteins boosts direct glia-to-neuron conversion. Cell Stem Cell. 28 (3), 524-534 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nonstochastic reprogramming from a privileged somatic cell state","volume":"156","author":"Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, S. et al. Nonstochastic reprogramming from a privileged somatic cell state. Cell. 156 (4), 649-662 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.12.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Region-restrict astrocytes exhibit heterogeneous susceptibility to neuronal reprogramming","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Region-restrict astrocytes exhibit heterogeneous susceptibility to neuronal reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports. 12 (2), 290-304 (2019).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"7394","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10959","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex","volume":"484","author":"Ge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ge, W. P., Miyawaki, A., Gage, F. H., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex. Nature. 484 (7394), 376-380 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"37","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3159-13.2014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Ink4a\/Arf locus is a barrier to direct neuronal transdifferentiation","volume":"34","author":"Price","year":"2014","unstructured":"Price, J. D. et al. The Ink4a\/Arf locus is a barrier to direct neuronal transdifferentiation. The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (37), 12560-12567 (2014).","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.188","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generation of subtype-specific neurons from postnatal astroglia of the mouse cerebral cortex","volume":"6","author":"Heinrich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heinrich, C. et al. Generation of subtype-specific neurons from postnatal astroglia of the mouse cerebral cortex. Nature Protocols. 6 (2), 214-228 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8874","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.765313","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An immunoaffinity-based method for isolating ultrapure adult astrocytes based on ATP1B2 targeting by the ACSA-2 antibody","volume":"292","author":"Batiuk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batiuk, M. Y. et al. An immunoaffinity-based method for isolating ultrapure adult astrocytes based on ATP1B2 targeting by the ACSA-2 antibody. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 292 (21), 8874-8891 (2017).","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/64175\/isolation-and-direct-neuronal-reprogramming-of-mouse-astrocytes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:40:49Z","timestamp":1792611649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/64175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"185","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/64175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}