{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:39:39Z","timestamp":1792607979493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"197","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/64456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T20:02:02Z","timestamp":1690574522000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["&lt;em&gt;In Vitro&lt;\/em&gt; Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Bair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlene A.","family":"Dartt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500610","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Female-specific downregulation of tissue polymorphonuclear neutrophils drives impaired regulatory T cell and amplified effector T cell responses in autoimmune dry eye disease","volume":"195","author":"Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Female-specific downregulation of tissue polymorphonuclear neutrophils drives impaired regulatory T cell and amplified effector T cell responses in autoimmune dry eye disease. Journal of Immunology. 195, 3086-3099 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-198036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estrogen negatively regulates epithelial wound healing and protective lipid mediator circuits in the cornea","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, S. B. et al. Estrogen negatively regulates epithelial wound healing and protective lipid mediator circuits in the cornea. FASEB Journal. 26, 1506-1516 (2012).","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00594.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of androgens and pituitary hormones on the structural profile and secretory activity of the lacrimal gland","volume":"74","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sullivan, D. A., Block, L., Pena, J. D. Influence of androgens and pituitary hormones on the structural profile and secretory activity of the lacrimal gland. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 74, 421-435 (1996).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.103","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies","volume":"127","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaumberg, D. A., Dana, R., Buring, J. E., Sullivan, D. A. Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. Archives of Ophthalmology. 127, 763-768 (2009).","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.11.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients","volume":"19","author":"Tellefsen N\u00f8land","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tellefsen N\u00f8land, S. et al. Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients. The Ocular Surface. 19, 68-73 (2021).","journal-title":"The Ocular Surface"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.04.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Sex, gender, and hormones report","volume":"15","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sullivan, D. A. et al. TFOS DEWS II Sex, gender, and hormones report. The Ocular Surface. 15, 284-333 (2017).","journal-title":"The Ocular Surface"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0278-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SeXY chromosomes and the immune system: reflections after a comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Meester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meester, I. et al. SeXY chromosomes and the immune system: reflections after a comparative study. Biology of Sex Differences. 11, 3 (2020).","journal-title":"Biology of Sex Differences"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00622-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy reverses the decrease in natural killer cytotoxicity but does not reverse the decreases in the T-cell subpopulation or interferon-gamma production in postmenopausal women","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yang, J.-H. et al. Hormone replacement therapy reverses the decrease in natural killer cytotoxicity but does not reverse the decreases in the T-cell subpopulation or interferon-gamma production in postmenopausal women. Fertility and Sterility. 74, 261-267 (2000).","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.03.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with Scheimpflug imaging","volume":"38","author":"Orucoglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orucoglu, F., Akman, M., Onal, S. Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with Scheimpflug imaging. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye. 38, 345-350 (2015).","journal-title":"Contact Lens & Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000187","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of age and gender on corneal biomechanical properties in a healthy Italian population","volume":"33","author":"Strobbe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strobbe, E., Cellini, M., Barbaresi, U., Campos, E. C. Influence of age and gender on corneal biomechanical properties in a healthy Italian population. Cornea. 33, 968-972 (2014).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1553","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Do sex steroids exert sex-specific and\/or opposite effects on gene expression in lacrimal and meibomian glands","volume":"15","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sullivan, D. A., Jensen, R. V., Suzuki, T., Richards, S. M. Do sex steroids exert sex-specific and\/or opposite effects on gene expression in lacrimal and meibomian glands? Molecular Vision. 15, 1553-1572 (2009).","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age, gender, and interracial variability of normal lacrimal gland volume using MRI","volume":"30","author":"Bukhari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bukhari, A. A., Basheer, N. A., Joharjy, H. I. Age, gender, and interracial variability of normal lacrimal gland volume using MRI. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 30, 388-391 (2014).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1286","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of aging on the polar and neutral lipid profiles in human meibomian gland secretions","volume":"124","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sullivan, B. D., Evans, J. E., Dana, M. R., Sullivan, D. A. Influence of aging on the polar and neutral lipid profiles in human meibomian gland secretions. Archives of Ophthalmology. 124, 1286-1292 (2006).","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"205","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The influence of sex hormone levels on tear production in postmenopausal Nigerian women","volume":"43","author":"Ebeigbe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebeigbe, J. A., Ebeigbe, P. N. The influence of sex hormone levels on tear production in postmenopausal Nigerian women. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 43, 205-211 (2014).","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estrogen's and progesterone's impact on gene expression in the mouse lacrimal gland","volume":"47","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suzuki, T. et al. Estrogen's and progesterone's impact on gene expression in the mouse lacrimal gland. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 47, 158-168 (2006).","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0550","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of cultured human conjunctival goblet cells","volume":"44","author":"Shatos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shatos, M. A. et al. Isolation and characterization of cultured human conjunctival goblet cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 44, 2477-2486 (2003).","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"969","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Morphogenesis of rat conjunctival goblet cells","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Huang, A. J., Tseng, S. C., Kenyon, K. R. Morphogenesis of rat conjunctival goblet cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 29, 969-975 (1988).","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resolvin D1 and aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 regulate histamine-stimulated conjunctival goblet cell secretion","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Resolvin D1 and aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 regulate histamine-stimulated conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Mucosal Immunology. 6, 1119-1130 (2013).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000098","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Dartt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dartt, D. A., Masli, S. Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 14, 464-470 (2014).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32830e6b04","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Mantelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mantelli, F., Arg\u00fceso, P. Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 8, 477-483 (2008).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109220","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization and functional performance of a commercial human conjunctival epithelial cell line","volume":"223","author":"Garc\u00eda-Posadas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Posadas, L. et al. Characterization and functional performance of a commercial human conjunctival epithelial cell line. Experimental Eye Research. 223, 109220 (2022).","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1455","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and propagation of rat conjunctival goblet cells in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Shatos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shatos, M. A. et al. Isolation, characterization, and propagation of rat conjunctival goblet cells in vitro. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 42, 1455-1464 (2001).","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(88)90072-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of phenol red","volume":"57","author":"Welshons","year":"1988","unstructured":"Welshons, W. V., Wolf, M. F., Murphy, C. S., & Jordan, V. C. Estrogenic activity of phenol red. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 57, 169-178 (1988).","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2496","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phenol red in tissue culture media is a weak estrogen: implications concerning the study of estrogen-responsive cells in culture","volume":"83","author":"Berthois","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berthois, Y., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., Katzenellenbogen, B. S. Phenol red in tissue culture media is a weak estrogen: implications concerning the study of estrogen-responsive cells in culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83, 2496-2500 (1986).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.53","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Interaction of IFN-\u03b3 with cholinergic agonists to modulate rat and human goblet cell function","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Posadas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Posadas, L. et al. Interaction of IFN-\u03b3 with cholinergic agonists to modulate rat and human goblet cell function. Mucosal Immunology. 9, 206-217 (2016).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11264","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of VIP on intracellular [Ca2 ], extracellular regulated kinase 1\/2, and secretion in cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, D., Jiao, J., Shatos, M. A., Hodges, R. R., Dartt, D. A. Effect of VIP on intracellular [Ca2 ], extracellular regulated kinase 1\/2, and secretion in cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 54, 2872-2884 (2013).","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3934\/molsci.2015.3.294","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sex steroid hormone receptors, their ligands, and nuclear and non-nuclear pathways","volume":"2","author":"Contr\u00f2","year":"2015","unstructured":"Contr\u00f2, V. et al. Sex steroid hormone receptors, their ligands, and nuclear and non-nuclear pathways. AIMS Molecular Science. 2, 294-310 (2015).","journal-title":"AIMS Molecular Science"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-07-0067","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Temporal variation in estrogen receptor-alpha protein turnover in the presence of estrogen","volume":"40","author":"Valley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valley, C. C., Solodin, N. M., Powers, G. L., Ellison, S. J., Alarid, E. T. Temporal variation in estrogen receptor-alpha protein turnover in the presence of estrogen. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 40, 23-34 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-4-1454","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Anomalous behavior of protein synthesis inhibitors on the turnover of the estrogen receptor as measured by density labeling","volume":"119","author":"Campen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Campen, C. A., Gorski, J. Anomalous behavior of protein synthesis inhibitors on the turnover of the estrogen receptor as measured by density labeling. Endocrinology. 119, 1454-1461 (1986).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20177-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sex-based differences in conjunctival goblet cell responses to pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, M. et al. Sex-based differences in conjunctival goblet cell responses to pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators. Scientific Reports. 12, 16305 (2022).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/64456\/in-vitro-method-to-study-sex-based-differences-conjunctival-goblet","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:55:51Z","timestamp":1792605351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/64456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"197","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/64456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}