{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:37:46Z","timestamp":1792611466844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"193","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/64697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T20:00:13Z","timestamp":1679688013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Construction, Characterization, and Regenerative Application of Self-Assembled Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Shijie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peisheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingdong","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.8901191","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Divide, accumulate, differentiate: cell condensation in skeletal development revisited","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hall, B. K., Miyake, T. Divide, accumulate, differentiate: cell condensation in skeletal development revisited. The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 39 (6), 881-893 (1995).","journal-title":"The International Journal of Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(200002)22:2<138::AID-BIES5>3.0.CO;2-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"All for one and one for all: condensations and the initiation of skeletal development","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall, B. K., Miyake, T. All for one and one for all: condensations and the initiation of skeletal development. Bioessays. 22 (2), 138-147 (2000).","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00279-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of bone development and repair","volume":"21","author":"Salhotra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salhotra, A., Shah, H. N., Levi, B., Longaker, M. T. Mechanisms of bone development and repair. Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology. 21 (11), 696-711 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.07.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanochemical control of mesenchymal condensation and embryonic tooth organ formation","volume":"21","author":"Mammoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mammoto, T. et al. Mechanochemical control of mesenchymal condensation and embryonic tooth organ formation. Developmental Cell. 21 (4), 758-769 (2011).","journal-title":"Developmental Cell"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0279","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A hydrogel-mineral composite scaffold for osteochondral interface tissue engineering","volume":"18","author":"Khanarian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khanarian, N. T., Jiang, J., Wan, L. Q., Mow, V. C., Lu, H. H. A hydrogel-mineral composite scaffold for osteochondral interface tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering. Part A. 18 (5-6), 533-545 (2012).","journal-title":"Tissue Engineering. Part A"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17014","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.14","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, M. et al. Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Bone Research. 5, 17014 (2017).","journal-title":"Bone Research"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osteochondral tissue engineering: Perspectives for clinical application and preclinical development","volume":"30","author":"Ai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ai, C. et al. Osteochondral tissue engineering: Perspectives for clinical application and preclinical development. Journal of Orthopaedic Translatation. 30, 93-102 (2021).","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Translatation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656588","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.656588","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microenvironment influences odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells mediated dental pulp regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Microenvironment influences odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells mediated dental pulp regeneration. Frontiers in Physiology. 12, 656588 (2021).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.10.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cell sheet technology: a promising strategy in regenerative medicine","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, M., Ma, J., Gao, Y., Yang, L. Cell sheet technology: a promising strategy in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 21 (1), 3-16 (2019).","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17036","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"marrow mesenchymal stem cell aggregate: an optimal cell therapy for full-layer cutaneous wound vascularization and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"An","year":"2015","unstructured":"An, Y. et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell aggregate: an optimal cell therapy for full-layer cutaneous wound vascularization and regeneration. Scientific Reports. 5, 17036 (2015).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937635100","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"100","author":"Miura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miura, M. et al. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (10), 5807-5812 (2003).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100806","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"81","author":"Gronthos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gronthos, S. et al. Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. Journal of Dental Research. 81 (8), 531-535 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay1514","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regeneration of pulpo-dentinal-like complex by a group of unique multipotent CD24a(+) stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Regeneration of pulpo-dentinal-like complex by a group of unique multipotent CD24a(+) stem cells. Science Advances. 6 (15), eaay1514 (2020).","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111850","type":"journal-article","article-title":"hDPSC-laden GelMA microspheres fabricated using electrostatic microdroplet method for endodontic regeneration","volume":"121","author":"Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, T. et al. hDPSC-laden GelMA microspheres fabricated using electrostatic microdroplet method for endodontic regeneration. Materials Science & Engineering. C: Materials for Biological Applications. 121, 111850 (2021).","journal-title":"Materials Science & Engineering. C: Materials for Biological Applications"},{"issue":"51","key":"ref15","first-page":"2720","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple hanging drop cell culture protocol for generation of 3D spheroids","author":"Foty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foty, R. A simple hanging drop cell culture protocol for generation of 3D spheroids. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (51), 2720 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The development of a bioengineered organ germ method","volume":"4","author":"Nakao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakao, K. et al. The development of a bioengineered organ germ method. Nature Methods. 4 (3), 227-230 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"534","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay6853","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An engineered cell-laden adhesive hydrogel promotes craniofacial bone tissue regeneration in rats","volume":"12","author":"Hasani-Sadrabadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasani-Sadrabadi, M. M. et al. An engineered cell-laden adhesive hydrogel promotes craniofacial bone tissue regeneration in rats. Science Translational Medicine. 12 (534), eaay6853 (2020).","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035005","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab80b5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gravitational sedimentation-based approach for ultra-simple and flexible cell patterning coculture on microfluidic device","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan, L. et al. Gravitational sedimentation-based approach for ultra-simple and flexible cell patterning coculture on microfluidic device. Biofabrication. 12 (3), 035005 (2020).","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36147","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cell specificity of magnetic cell seeding approach to hydrogel colonization","volume":"105","author":"Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, R. et al. Cell specificity of magnetic cell seeding approach to hydrogel colonization. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part A. 105 (11), 2948-2957 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part A"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121223","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Odontogenesis-related developmental microenvironment facilitates deciduous dental pulp stem cell aggregates to revitalize an avulsed tooth","volume":"279","author":"Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo, H. et al. Odontogenesis-related developmental microenvironment facilitates deciduous dental pulp stem cell aggregates to revitalize an avulsed tooth. Biomaterials. 279, 121223 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"455","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3227","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth","volume":"10","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xuan, K. et al. Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth. Science Translational Medicine. 10 (455), eaaf3227 (2018).","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.10.046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stem cell-based bone regeneration in diseased microenvironments: Challenges and solutions","volume":"196","author":"Sui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sui, B. D. et al. Stem cell-based bone regeneration in diseased microenvironments: Challenges and solutions. Biomaterials. 196, 18-30 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19888","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human umbilical cord MSCs as new cell sources for promoting periodontal regeneration in inflammatory periodontal defect","volume":"7","author":"Shang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shang, F. et al. Human umbilical cord MSCs as new cell sources for promoting periodontal regeneration in inflammatory periodontal defect. Theranostics. 7 (18), 4370-4382 (2017).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815434116","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phosphate graphene as an intrinsically osteoinductive scaffold for stem cell-driven bone regeneration","volume":"116","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold, A. M., Holt, B. D., Daneshmandi, L., Laurencin, C. T., Sydlik, S. A. Phosphate graphene as an intrinsically osteoinductive scaffold for stem cell-driven bone regeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (11), 4855-4860 (2019).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13074","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13074","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-beta\/SMAD2\/3 signalling","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, M. et al. SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-beta\/SMAD2\/3 signalling. Cell Proliferation. 54 (7), e13074 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Proliferation"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.05.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration. Molecular Therapy. 30 (10), 3193-3208 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanobiology of extracellular matrix","volume":"80","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vogel, V. Unraveling the mechanobiology of extracellular matrix. Annual Review of Physiology. 80, 353-387 (2018).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2732","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Harnessing traction-mediated manipulation of the cell\/matrix interface to control stem-cell fate","volume":"9","author":"Huebsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huebsch, N. et al. Harnessing traction-mediated manipulation of the cell\/matrix interface to control stem-cell fate. Nature Materials. 9 (6), 518-526 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15412","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Melatonin treatment improves mesenchymal stem cells therapy by preserving stemness during long-term in vitro expansion","volume":"6","author":"Shuai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shuai, Y. et al. Melatonin treatment improves mesenchymal stem cells therapy by preserving stemness during long-term in vitro expansion. Theranostics. 6 (11), 1899-1917 (2016).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2018_186","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reconstruction of regenerative stem cell niche by cell aggregate engineering","volume":"2002","author":"Sui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sui, B. D., Zhu, B., Hu, C. H., Zhao, P., Jin, Y. Reconstruction of regenerative stem cell niche by cell aggregate engineering. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2002, 87-99 (2019).","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Vitamin C treatment promotes mesenchymal stem cell sheet formation and tissue regeneration by elevating telomerase activity","volume":"227","author":"Wei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wei, F. et al. Vitamin C treatment promotes mesenchymal stem cell sheet formation and tissue regeneration by elevating telomerase activity. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 227 (9), 3216-3224 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1860217","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of ascorbic acid on the nature and production of collagen and elastin by rat smooth-muscle cells","volume":"186","author":"de Clerck","year":"1980","unstructured":"de Clerck, Y. A., Jones, P. A. The effect of ascorbic acid on the nature and production of collagen and elastin by rat smooth-muscle cells. The Biochemical Journal. 186 (1), 217-225 (1980).","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0825-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of ascorbic acid on metabolism of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujisawa, K. et al. Evaluation of the effects of ascorbic acid on metabolism of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 9 (1), 93 (2018).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.10.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The histone demethylases Jhdm1a\/1b enhance somatic cell reprogramming in a vitamin-C-dependent manner","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. The histone demethylases Jhdm1a\/1b enhance somatic cell reprogramming in a vitamin-C-dependent manner. Cell Stem Cell. 9 (6), 575-587 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05762-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osthole improves function of periodontitis periodontal ligament stem cells via epigenetic modification in cell sheets engineering","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Osthole improves function of periodontitis periodontal ligament stem cells via epigenetic modification in cell sheets engineering. Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 5254 (2017).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","first-page":"1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resveratrol enhances the functionality and improves the regeneration of mesenchymal stem cell aggregates","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. J. et al. Resveratrol enhances the functionality and improves the regeneration of mesenchymal stem cell aggregates. Experimental and Molecular Medicine. 50 (6), 1-15 (2018).","journal-title":"Experimental and Molecular"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.061","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of licochalcone A on cell-aggregates ECM secretion and osteogenic differentiation during bone formation in metaphyseal defects in ovariectomized rats","volume":"35","author":"Shang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shang, F. et al. The effect of licochalcone A on cell-aggregates ECM secretion and osteogenic differentiation during bone formation in metaphyseal defects in ovariectomized rats. Biomaterials. 35 (9), 2789-2797 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514550040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scaffold-free prevascularized microtissue spheroids for pulp regeneration","volume":"93","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dissanayaka, W. L., Zhu, L., Hargreaves, K. M., Jin, L., Zhang, C. Scaffold-free prevascularized microtissue spheroids for pulp regeneration. Journal of Dental Research. 93 (12), 1296-1303 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.12.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro analysis of scaffold-free prevascularized microtissue spheroids containing human dental pulp cells and endothelial cells","volume":"41","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dissanayaka, W. L., Zhu, L., Hargreaves, K. M., Jin, L., Zhang, C. In vitro analysis of scaffold-free prevascularized microtissue spheroids containing human dental pulp cells and endothelial cells. Journal of Endodontics. 41 (5), 663-670 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/64697\/construction-characterization-regenerative-application-self-assembled","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:38:19Z","timestamp":1792607899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/64697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"193","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/64697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}