{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:44:25Z","timestamp":1792597465526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MyJove Corporation","issue":"221","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoVE"],"DOI":"10.3791\/68112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T18:03:05Z","timestamp":1753984985000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale"],"prefix":"10.3791","author":[{"given":"Antonio Jhones","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Augusta C.","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio Marcos","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1430","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs","volume":"5","author":"Rogawski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rogawski, M. A., L\u00f6scher, W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat Rev Neurosci. 5 (7), 553-564 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.01.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00f6scher, W. Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 20 (5), 359-368 (2011).","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure","volume":"32","author":"Racine","year":"1972","unstructured":"Racine, R. J. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 32 (3), 281-294 (1972).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref4","type":"book","article-title":"Evolution of repeated hippocampal seizures in the cat","volume-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol","author":"Delgado","year":"1961","unstructured":"Delgado, J.M. R., Sevillano, M. Evolution of repeated hippocampal seizures in the cat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 13 (5), 722-733 (1961)."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91308-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Kainic acid induced limbic seizures: metabolic, behavioral, electroencephalographic and neuropathological correlates","volume":"218","author":"Lothman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lothman, E. W., Collins, R. C. Kainic acid induced limbic seizures: metabolic, behavioral, electroencephalographic and neuropathological correlates. Brain Res. 218 (1-2), 299-318 (1981).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"10 Pt 2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.10.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"37","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00e9vesque, M., Avoli, M. The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 37 (10 Pt 2), 2887-2899 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative neuroanatomical and temporal characterization of FluoroJade-positive neurodegeneration after status epilepticus induced by systemic and intrahippocampal pilocarpine in Wistar rats","volume":"1374","author":"Castro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castro, O. W. et al. Comparative neuroanatomical and temporal characterization of FluoroJade-positive neurodegeneration after status epilepticus induced by systemic and intrahippocampal pilocarpine in Wistar rats. Brain Res. 1374, 43-55 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90136-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study","volume":"9","author":"Turski","year":"1983","unstructured":"Turski, W. A. et al. Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Behav Brain Res. 9 (3), 315-335 (1983).","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00072-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New insights from the use of pilocarpine and kainate models","volume":"50","author":"Leite","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leite, J. P., Garcia-Cairasco, N., Cavalheiro, E. A. New insights from the use of pilocarpine and kainate models. Epilepsy Res. 50 (1-2), 93-103 (2002).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(05)80138-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New insights into behavioral evaluation of audiogenic seizures. A comparison of two ethological methods","volume":"48","author":"Garcia-Cairasco","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garcia-Cairasco, N. et al. New insights into behavioral evaluation of audiogenic seizures. A comparison of two ethological methods. Behav Brain Res. 48 (1), 49-56 (1992).","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.04.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuroethological study of status epilepticus induced by systemic pilocarpine in Wistar audiogenic rats (WAR strain)","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Cairasco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garcia-Cairasco, N., Rossetti, F., Oliveira, J. A. C., Furtado, M. de A. Neuroethological study of status epilepticus induced by systemic pilocarpine in Wistar audiogenic rats (WAR strain). Epilepsy Behav. 5 (4), 455-463 (2004).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.02.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hidden behavioral fingerprints in epilepsy","volume":"111","author":"Gschwind","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gschwind, T. et al. Hidden behavioral fingerprints in epilepsy. Neuron. 111 (9), 1440-1452.e5 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.4.325","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Specific antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons: a common mode of convulsant action","volume":"28","author":"Macdonald","year":"1978","unstructured":"Macdonald, R. L., Barker, J. L. Specific antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons: a common mode of convulsant action. Neurology. 28 (4), 325-330 (1978).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9.37.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0937s58","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy","volume":"58","author":"Dhir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dhir, A. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 58 (1), 9.37.1-9.37.12 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2018.1481064","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuropathological profile of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model","volume":"128","author":"Samokhina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samokhina, E., Samokhin, A. Neuropathological profile of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model. Int J Neurosci. 128 (11), 1086-1096 (2018).","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"136","key":"ref16","first-page":"e56573","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model","author":"Shimada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimada, T., Yamagata, K. Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model. J Vis Exp. (136), e56573 (2018).","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.09.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A revised Racine's scale for PTZ-induced seizures in rats","volume":"98","author":"L\u00fcttjohann","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00fcttjohann, A., Fabene, P. F., Van Luijtelaar, G. A revised Racine's scale for PTZ-induced seizures in rats. Physiol Behav. 98 (5), 579-586 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.02.029","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PTZ-induced seizures in mice require a revised Racine scale","volume":"95","author":"Van Erum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Erum, J., Van Dam, D., De Deyn, P.P. PTZ-induced seizures in mice require a revised Racine scale. Epilepsy Behav. 95, 51-55 (2019).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.04.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple webcam-based approach for the measurement of rodent locomotion and other behavioural parameters","volume":"157","author":"Tort","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tort, A. B. L et al. A simple webcam-based approach for the measurement of rodent locomotion and other behavioural parameters. J Neurosci Methods. 157 (1), 91-97 (2006).","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4084","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Interictal epileptiform discharges induce hippocampal-cortical coupling in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Gelinas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gelinas, J. N., Khodagholy, D., Thesen, T., Devinsky, O., Buzs\u00e1ki, G. Interictal epileptiform discharges induce hippocampal-cortical coupling in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nat Med. 22 (6), 641-648 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88088-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Behavioral characteristics as potential biomarkers of the development and phenotype of epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Nizinska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nizinska, K. et al. Behavioral characteristics as potential biomarkers of the development and phenotype of epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep. 11 (1), 8665 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105841","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole: A review","volume":"180","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monteiro, \u00c1. B. et al. Pentylenetetrazole: A review. Neurochem Int. 180, 105841 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107750","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validated animal models for antiseizure drug (ASD) discovery: Advantages and potential pitfalls in ASD screening","volume":"167","author":"Barker-Haliski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barker-Haliski, M., Steve White, H. Validated animal models for antiseizure drug (ASD) discovery: Advantages and potential pitfalls in ASD screening. Neuropharmacology. 167, 107750 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432718","type":"journal-article","article-title":"EEG effects of IV infusion of pentylenetetrazol in rats: A model for screening and classifying antiepileptic compounds","volume":"87","author":"Santucci","year":"1985","unstructured":"Santucci, V. et al. EEG effects of IV infusion of pentylenetetrazol in rats: A model for screening and classifying antiepileptic compounds. Psychopharmacology. 87 (3), 337-343 (1985).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)05100-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative assays of antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats","volume":"106","author":"Swinyard","year":"1952","unstructured":"Swinyard, E. A., Brown, W. C., Goodman, L. S. Comparative assays of antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 106 (3), 319-330 (1952).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1978.tb04507.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug development: II. Anticonvulsant drug screening","volume":"19","author":"Krall","year":"1978","unstructured":"Krall, R. L., Penry, J. K., White, B. G., Kupferberg, H. J., Swinyard, E. A. Antiepileptic drug development: II. Anticonvulsant drug screening. Epilepsia. 19 (4), 409-428 (1978).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S50371","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations","volume":"10","author":"Kandratavicius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kandratavicius, L. et al. Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 10, 1693-1705 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00071-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Kindling: some old and some new","volume":"50","author":"McIntyre","year":"2002","unstructured":"McIntyre, D. C., Poulter, M. O., Gilby, K. Kindling: some old and some new. Epilepsy Res. 50 (1-2), 79-92 (2002).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51375","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Factors influencing the acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure paradigm and a literature review","volume":"8","author":"Yuskaitis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuskaitis, C. J. et al. Factors influencing the acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure paradigm and a literature review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 8 (7), 1388-1397 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(97)00423-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A Neuropharmacological analysis of PTZ-induced kindling in mice","volume":"31","author":"da Silva","year":"1998","unstructured":"da Silva, L. F., Pereira, P., Elisabetsky, E. A Neuropharmacological analysis of PTZ-induced kindling in mice. Gen Pharmacol. 31 (1), 47-50 (1998).","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106547","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic backgrounds have unique seizure response profiles and behavioral outcomes following convulsant administration","volume":"101","author":"Copping","year":"2019","unstructured":"Copping, N. A., Adhikari, A., Petkova, S. P., Silverman, J. L. Genetic backgrounds have unique seizure response profiles and behavioral outcomes following convulsant administration. Epilepsy Behav. 101, 106547 (2019).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00466-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sex differences in sensitivity to seizures elicited by pentylenetetrazol in mice","volume":"68","author":"Medina","year":"2001","unstructured":"Medina, A. E., Manh\u00e3es, A. C., Schmidt, S. L. Sex differences in sensitivity to seizures elicited by pentylenetetrazol in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 68 (3), 591-596 (2001).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108632","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Male rats are more vulnerable to pentylenetetrazole-kindling model but females have more spatial memory-related deficits","volume":"129","author":"Pollo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pollo, M. L. M., Gimenes, C., Covolan, L. Male rats are more vulnerable to pentylenetetrazole-kindling model but females have more spatial memory-related deficits. Epilepsy Behav. 129, 108632 (2022).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualized Experiments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/app.jove.com\/t\/68112\/behavioral-characterization-pentylenetetrazole-induced-seizures","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:50:26Z","timestamp":1792594226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/t\/68112\/behavioral-characterization-pentylenetetrazole-induced-seizures"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/68112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-087X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-087X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]}}}