{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:21:56Z","timestamp":1787030516489,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Korean Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Institute for Biomedical Science","award":["HCRI19004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCRI19004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-enm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Thyroid immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) have been reported in patients treated with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. We investigated the incidence and clinical course of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced thyroid IRAEs, and identified predictable clinical risk factors of thyroid IRAEs, in particular, overt hypothyroidism (OH).Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 325 cancer patients receiving PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor in a tertiary referral center.Results: A total of 50.5% (164\/325) of patients experienced at least one abnormal thyroid function following PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor. Eighty-four patients (51.2%) of them recovered to normal thyroid function during follow-up. In overall population, 25 patients (7.7%) required thyroid hormone replacement therapy due to PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced OH. Patients who progressed to OH showed significantly higher baseline thyroid stimulating hormone level and longer duration of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy than those without thyroid dysfunction or OH (both &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001). Median time interval to the development of OH was 3 months after the therapy. OH was significantly associated with positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody at baseline and anti-thyroglobulin antibody during the therapy than those without thyroid dysfunction or OH (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.015 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.005, respectively). We observed no patients with OH who were able to stop levothyroxine replacement after the cessation of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy.Conclusion: PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced thyroid dysfunctions are considerably reversible; however, OH is irreversible requiring levothyroxine replacement even after stopping the therapy. Positive thyroid autoantibodies may predict the progression to OH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3803\/enm.2020.906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T02:20:31Z","timestamp":1617675631000},"page":"413-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Characteristics of Immune-Related Thyroid Adverse Events in Patients Treated with PD-1\/PD-L1 Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3803","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-6162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jee Hee","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2494-9902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A Ram","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee 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