{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:15:42Z","timestamp":1776867342449,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Korean Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021093","name":"Korean Endocrine Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-enm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The correlation between acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subacute thyroiditis (SAT) has not been clearly investigated in \u201clong COVID\u201d patients. We aimed to investigate the incidence of SAT during convalescence and after the acute phase of COVID-19, comparing with that of the general population.Methods: Data from a total of 422,779 COVID-19 patients and a control group of 2,113,895 individuals were analyzed. The index date was defined as the date 3 months after confirmation of COVID-19. The incidence rate (IR) of SAT and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated per 100,000 persons. Subgroup analysis included analysis of HRs 90\u2013179 and 180 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis; and additional analysis was conducted according to hospitalization status, sex, and age group.Results: The IR of SAT was 17.28 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.56 to 23.20) in the COVID-19 group and 8.63 (95% CI, 6.37 to 11.45) in the control group. The HR of COVID-19 patients was 1.76 (95% CI, 1.01 to 3.06; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.045). The HR of SAT was 1.39 (95% CI, 0.82 to 2.34; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.220) up to 6 months after the index date and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.60 to 3.30; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001) beyond 6 months. The HR for SAT among COVID-19 patients was 2.00 (95% CI, 1.41 to 2.83) in hospitalized patients and 1.76 (95% CI, 1.01 to 3.06) in non-hospitalized patients compared to the control group. The IR of SAT was 27.09 (95% CI, 20.04 to 35.82) for females and 6.47 (95% CI, 3.34 to 11.30) for males. In the 19 to 64 age group, the IR of SAT was 18.19 (95% CI, 13.70 to 23.67), while the IR was 9.18 (95% CI, 7.72 to 10.84) in the 65 to 69 age group.Conclusion: SAT could be a potential long-term complication of COVID-19. Long-term surveillance for thyroid dysfunction is needed especially in hospitalized, female and young-aged subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3803\/enm.2023.1711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T04:08:47Z","timestamp":1691467727000},"page":"455-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Beyond Acute COVID-19: Investigating the Incidence of Subacute Thyroiditis in Long COVID-19 in Korea"],"prefix":"10.3803","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-8087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7414-0258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gi Hyeon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-6860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keeho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2119","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update, edition 115, 26 October 2022 [Internet]","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1016","volume-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across 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