{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:10:37Z","timestamp":1777417837009,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Korean Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-enm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrinol Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon has many functions, including the promotion of hepatic glucose production, fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy consumption, lipolysis, and myocardial contraction, as well as the suppression of lipogenesis, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility. However, it remains unclear which of these functions are physiological and which are pharmacological. Research on glucagon has lagged behind research on insulin because cross-reactivity with glucagon-related peptides in plasma has hindered the development of an accurate measurement system for glucagon. We recently developed a new glucagon sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is more specific and more sensitive to glucagon than the currently used measurement systems. The new sandwich ELISA is expected to contribute to personalized medicine for diabetes through its use in clinical examinations, the diagnosis of the pathophysiological condition of individual diabetes patients, and the choice of a treatment strategy. Efforts are continuing to develop glucagon\/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonists to improve obesity and fatty liver by enhancing glucagon\u2019s appetite-suppressing and lipolysis- and thermogenesis-promoting effects. Thus, glucagon is expected to be applied to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on a more accurate understanding of its functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3803\/enm.2024.1911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:17:58Z","timestamp":1708647478000},"page":"33-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Glucagon: Physiological and Pharmacological Functions and Pathophysiological Significance in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3803","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8809-8740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tadahiro","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2119","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339912802083540"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-13-0941"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3283-z"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12400"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0534-0"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej20-0079"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13325"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"648","volume-title":"A newly developed glucagon sandwich ELISA is useful for more accurate glucagon evaluation than the currently used sandwich ELISA in subjects with elevated plasma proglucagon-derived peptide levels","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.10.009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.209"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30726-8"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"e12432","volume-title":"Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1\/glucagon receptor coagonist JNJ-64565111 in individuals with obesity without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized dose-ranging study","author":"Alba","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"888","volume-title":"A phase IIa active-comparator-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of efinopegdutide in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","author":"Romero-Gomez","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-enm.org\/upload\/pdf\/enm-2024-1911.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-enm.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3803\/EnM.2024.1911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-enm.org\/upload\/pdf\/enm-2024-1911.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T05:06:15Z","timestamp":1711515975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-enm.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3803\/EnM.2024.1911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/enm.2024.1911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-596X","2093-5978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-596X","type":"print"},{"value":"2093-5978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}