{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:31:13Z","timestamp":1793961073593,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Journal of Food and Drug Analysis (JFDA), Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan (TFDA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food and Drug Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a signi\ufb01cant economic burden globally, particularly in regions with stringentresponse measures. This study aimed to assess the economic impact of COVID-19 in Taiwan, focusing on both directand indirect costs. A cost-of-illness analysis was conducted, utilizing data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control(CDC), national databases, epidemiological studies, and economic surveys. The analysis included both direct costs (e.g.,hospital admissions, outpatient care) and indirect costs (e.g., productivity losses due to long COVID, absenteeism, caregiving duties). The study encompassed Taiwan's population of 23.2 million, with particular attention to age-speci\ufb01c impacts on economic outcomes. The total economic burden of COVID-19 in Taiwan was estimated at USD 4431 million.Direct costs accounted for 24.40 % (USD 1081 million), while indirect costs constituted 75.60 % (USD 3350 million. Theworking age population bore the majority of this burden, with 88.68 % (USD 3090 million) of total costs attributed tothis group. Long COVID signi\ufb01cantly contributed to the economic impact, causing a 35 % reduction in productivity.Sensitivity analysis revealed that the frequency of outpatient visits among working age and elderly cohorts was acritical factor in\ufb02uencing overall costs. The study underscores the substantial economic burden of stringent COVID-19policies in Taiwan, highlighting that indirect costs were nearly three times higher than direct costs. The \ufb01ndingsemphasize the need for resilient healthcare systems and support for affected workers, particularly in regions withsimilar response strategies. The methodological approach offers insights that could be applied to other regions facing similar challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T20:38:46Z","timestamp":1758314326000},"page":"325-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The economic burden of COVID-19 in a region with stringent response measures: A case study of Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.38212","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Elise Chia-Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Yuan","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25385","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"container-title":["Journal of Food and Drug Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:15:15Z","timestamp":1793960115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jfda-online.com\/journal\/vol33\/iss3\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38212\/2224-6614.3558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-6614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-6614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}