{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T23:00:49Z","timestamp":1762210849106,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Astronomical Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Kepler-20 is a solar-type star (V<\/jats:italic> = 12.5) hosting a compact system of five transiting planets, all packed within the orbital distance of Mercury in our own solar system. A transition from rocky to gaseous planets with a planetary transition radius of \u223c1.6 \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> has recently been proposed by several articles in the literature. Kepler-20b (\n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00a0\u223c\u00a01.9 \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>) has a size beyond this transition radius; however, previous mass measurements were not sufficiently precise to allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding its composition. We present new mass measurements of three of the planets in the Kepler-20 system that are facilitated by 104 radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph and 30 archival Keck\/HIRES observations, as well as an updated photometric analysis of the Kepler<\/jats:italic> data and an asteroseismic analysis of the host star (\n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00a0=\u00a0\n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> and \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00a0=\u00a0\n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>). Kepler-20b is a \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> planet in a 3.7 day period with a mass of \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>, resulting in a mean density of \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>, indicating a rocky composition with an iron-to-silicate ratio consistent with that of the Earth. This makes Kepler-20b the most massive planet with a rocky composition found to date. Furthermore, we report the discovery of an additional non-transiting planet with a minimum mass of \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> and an orbital period of \u223c34 days in the gap between Kepler-20f (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u223c\u00a011 days) and Kepler-20d (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u223c\u00a078 days).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-6256\/152\/6\/160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T17:29:37Z","timestamp":1479144577000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET AND THE DISCOVERY OF A NON-TRANSITING PLANET IN THE KEPLER-20 SYSTEM*"],"prefix":"10.3847","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1605-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars A.","family":"Buchhave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8189-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney D.","family":"Dressing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Dumusque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Vanderburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Mortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3204-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Lopez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mia S.","family":"Lundkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Kjeldsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Affer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aldo S.","family":"Bonomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Charbonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8863-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Collier","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Cosentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aldo F. 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