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Participating teams were provided the same likelihood function and set of priors to use in their analysis. They applied a variety of methods to estimate <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ajab5190ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, the marginal likelihood for each <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-planet model, including cross-validation, the Laplace approximation, importance sampling, and nested sampling. We found the dispersion in <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ajab5190ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> across different methods grew with increasing <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-planet models: \u223c3 for zero planets, \u223c10 for one planet, \u223c10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for two planets, and &gt;10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> for three planets. Most internal estimates of uncertainty in <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ajab5190ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> for individual methods significantly underestimated the observed dispersion across all methods. Methods that adopted a Monte Carlo approach by comparing estimates from multiple runs yielded plausible uncertainties. Finally, two classes of numerical algorithms (those based on importance and nested samplers) arrived at similar conclusions regarding the ratio of <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ajab5190ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> for <jats:italic>n-<\/jats:italic> and (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0+\u00a01)-planet models. One analytic method (the Laplace approximation) demonstrated comparable performance. We express both optimism and caution: we demonstrate that it is practical to perform rigorous Bayesian model comparison for models of \u22643 planets, yet robust planet discoveries require researchers to better understand the uncertainty in <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ajab5190ieqn5.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and its connections to model selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/ab5190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1580224773000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Quantifying the Bayesian Evidence for a Planet in Radial Velocity Data"],"prefix":"10.3847","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-2334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6545-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric B.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Buchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Cloutier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9289-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo F.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6728-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinesh M.","family":"Rajpaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-1005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surangkhana","family":"Rukdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ajab5190bib1","first-page":"716","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"ITAC"},{"key":"ajab5190bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2448083","volume":"38","author":"Ambikasaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"ITPAM"},{"key":"ajab5190bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS054","volume":"4","author":"Arlot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. 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