{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1794391396507,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"American Astronomical Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ApJL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio \u227310:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0(6.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\u2299<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab0ec7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T07:13:15Z","timestamp":1554793995000},"page":"L1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3868,"title":["First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole"],"prefix":"10.3847","volume":"875","author":[{"name":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunori","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory"},{"name":"Haystack Observatory"},{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan"},{"name":"Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-1033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antxon","family":"Alberdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n, E-18008 Granada,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Alef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Radioastronomie, Auf dem H\u00fcgel 69, D-53121 Bonn,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Asada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS\/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Azulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia"},{"name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Radioastronomie, Auf dem H\u00fcgel 69, D-53121 Bonn,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3090-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Baczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Radioastronomie, Auf dem H\u00fcgel 69, D-53121 Bonn,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mislav","family":"Balokovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University"},{"name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9290-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haystack Observatory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Bintley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Asian Observatory, 660 N. 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