{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:22:18Z","timestamp":1790356938620,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential drug\u2013drug interactions (PDDIs) might expand with new combination antiretroviral therapies (ART) and polypharmacy related to increasing age and comorbidities. We investigated the prevalence of comedications and PDDIs within a large HIV cohort, and their effect on ART efficacy and tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All medications were prospectively recorded in 1,497 ART-treated patients and screened for PDDIs using a customized version of the Liverpool drug interactions database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 68% (1,013\/1,497) of patients had a comedication and 40% (599\/1,497) had \u22651 PDDI. Among patients with comedication, 2% (21\/1,013) had red-fag interactions (contraindicated) and 59% (597\/1,013) had orange-fag interactions (potential dose adjustment and\/ or close monitoring required). The latter involved mainly central nervous system drugs (49%), cardiovascular drugs (34%) and methadone (19%). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with having a comedication were advanced age, female gender, obesity and HCV infection. Independent risk factors for PDDIs were regimens combining protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (odds ratio [OR] 3.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44\u20136.48), \u22652 comedications (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.32\u20132.70), current illicit drug use (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.29\u20133.10) and patients with HCV infection (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.19\u20132.56). Viral response was similar in patients with and without PDDIs (84.5% versus 86.4%; P=0.386). During follow-up, ART was modified in 134 patients with comedication regardless of the presence of PDDIs ( P=0.524).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PDDIs increase with complex ART and comorbidities. No adverse effect was noted on ART efficacy or tolerability; however, most PDDIs affected comedication but were manageable through dose adjustment or monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp1540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,28]],"date-time":"2010-05-28T06:57:14Z","timestamp":1275029834000},"page":"413-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Prevalence of comedications and effect of potential drug\u2013drug interactions in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"name":"the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catia","family":"Marzolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigia","family":"Elzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Research Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansjakob","family":"Furrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Chave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Cavassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Calmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Vernazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saye","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Research Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Ledergerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Research Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Battegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67022-5"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61113-7"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP1540","first-page":"6","volume":"63","author":"Simone M.J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936040-00004"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP1540","first-page":"136","volume":"11","author":"Kim R.B.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.10.013"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP1540","unstructured":"Marzolini C., Tirona R.G., Lee W. Unexpected complexity in nuclear receptor activation by HIV protease inhibitors and induction of CYP enzymes and transporters.\n                      11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 8\u201311 February 2004, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract 135."},{"key":"bibr8-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00482.x"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2004.18.568"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A167"},{"key":"bibr11-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521252"},{"key":"bibr12-IMP1540","unstructured":"Shah S., McGowan J., Opulski B., Lieblein A., Saperstein A. Identification of drug interactions involving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in New York City HIV specialty clinics.\n                      14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 25\u201328 February 2007, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Abstract 573."},{"key":"bibr13-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2003.00541.x"},{"key":"bibr14-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kigen G., Kimaiyo S., Owen A. Prevalence of drug interactions between antiretroviral and co-administered drugs in Kenya.\n                      9th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection\n                      . 9\u201313 November 2008, Glasgow, UK. Abstract O122.","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-11-S1-O7"},{"key":"bibr15-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.10.1379"},{"key":"bibr16-IMP1540","unstructured":"Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (Accessed 4 March 2010.) Available from http:\/\/www.SHCS.ch."},{"key":"bibr17-IMP1540","unstructured":"Liverpool HIV drug interactions. (Accessed 4 March 2010.) Available from http:\/\/www.hiv-druginteractions.org."},{"key":"bibr18-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9788-8"},{"key":"bibr19-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.050732"},{"key":"bibr20-IMP1540","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. (Accessed 4 March 2010.) Available from http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm."},{"key":"bibr21-IMP1540","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. (Accessed 4 March 2010.) Available from http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/htms\/human\/epar\/eparintro.htm."},{"key":"bibr22-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.02.001"},{"key":"bibr23-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218"},{"key":"bibr24-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/603557"},{"key":"bibr25-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00291.x"},{"key":"bibr26-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100504"},{"key":"bibr27-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318160a542"},{"key":"bibr28-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591459"},{"key":"bibr29-IMP1540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1540","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1540","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:49:25Z","timestamp":1777380565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP1540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP1540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp1540","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]}}}