{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:37:39Z","timestamp":1777451859106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV type-1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and cleavage site (CS) mutations accumulate in protease-inhibitor-resistant isolates. HIV-1 CS mutation 431V is the most frequent treatment-associated CS mutation; however, little is known about its origin in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates. Recently, it has been shown that the CS mutation 431V is located within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*13-restricted cytotoxic T- lymphocyte (CTL) epitope RQANFLGKI (RI9). Therefore, we investigated whether the presence of CS mutation 431V might additionally be related to immune escape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CTL recognition of RI9 and of RI9 variants carrying the 431V or the 436R mutation was analysed by ELISPOT in nine HLA-B*13-positive HIV-1-infected patients. Treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates ( n=58) or carrying 431V ( n=4) were genotyped for HLA class I alleles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELISPOT analysis showed different patterns of CTL recognition of RI9. CS mutation 431V could abrogate recognition by RI9-specific CTL in a subgroup of patients. Nevertheless, in our study, the occurrence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 without primary drug resistance could not be explained by HLA-B*13-mediated immune selection. In patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates, the frequency of HLA-B*13 was not increased and HLA-B*13 did not correlate with CS mutations 436R or 431V.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV-1 CS mutation 431V can abrogate CTL recognition, indicating interactions between development of drug resistance and the CTL response. However, we could not find evidence that the presence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates with and without primary drug resistance is related to immune selection by HLA-B*13 or other HLA class I alleles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp1640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1282109594000},"page":"907-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of immune selection as a potential cause for the presence of cleavage site mutation 431V in treatment-naive HIV type-1 isolates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finja","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen G","family":"Harrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Knops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra M","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"D\u00e4umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Genetics, Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Eismann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd M","family":"Spriewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Harrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000345"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02356-08"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040036"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01547-06"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.627"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9306-9312.2000"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200308010-00003"},{"key":"bibr8-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02689-06"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.16.8276-8284.2002"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01882-08"},{"key":"bibr11-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100708","volume":"11","author":"Verheyen J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr12-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.11.009"},{"key":"bibr13-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000214805.52723.c1"},{"key":"bibr14-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011e691"},{"key":"bibr15-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004724"},{"key":"bibr16-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.2.444-452.2004"},{"key":"bibr17-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605329"},{"key":"bibr18-IMP1640","unstructured":"van Maarseveen N.M., Schipper P.J., de Jong D., Boucher C.A.B., Nijhuis M. Gag NC\/p1 protease resistance mutations can cause selection of additional NC\/p1 changes to optimize cleavage efficiency and replicative capacity.\n                      XVII International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop\n                      . 10\u201314 June 2008, Sitges, Spain. Abstract 47."},{"key":"bibr19-IMP1640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7632-7637.1998"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1640","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:49:36Z","timestamp":1777380576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP1640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP1640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp1640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}