{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:59:01Z","timestamp":1791266341515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV type-1 (HIV-1) drug resistance testing is rarely available in resource-limited settings because of high costs and stringent requirements for storage and transport of plasma. Dried blood spots (DBS) can be a convenient alternative to plasma, but the use of DBS needs validation under field conditions. We assessed the performance of DBS in genotypic resistance testing of patients who failed first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 36 ART-experienced patients with viral loads &gt;1,000 copies\/ml (median 15,180 copies\/ml [range 1,350\u20133,683,000]) and with various HIV-1 subtypes were selected for resistance testing. DBS were stored with desiccant at ambient temperature for a median of 29 days (range 8\u201389). Samples were amplified using an in-house reverse transcriptase-nested PCR method and sequenced using the ViroSeq\u2122 assay (Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, IL, USA). DBS-derived genotypes were compared with genotypes from plasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 34 of 36 (94%) DBS specimens were successfully genotyped. In the protease region, of 142 polymorphisms found in plasma, 132 (93%) were also detected in DBS. In the reverse transcriptase region, of 57 clinically relevant mutations present in plasma, 51 (89%) were also detected in DBS. A total of 30 of 34 (88%) patients had identical resistance profiles to antiretroviral drugs in plasma and DBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genotyping was successful in the vast majority of DBS specimens stored at ambient temperature for up to 3 months, and there was high concordance between mutations found in DBS and plasma. Our study suggests that DBS can be a feasible and reliable tool to monitor HIV-1 drug resistance in patients on ART in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp1660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1288177395000},"page":"1003-1009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["HIV type-1 drug resistance testing on dried blood spots is feasible and reliable in patients who fail antiretroviral therapy in rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asgeir","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Holberg-Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"L\u00f6vgaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Naman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Care and Treatment Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Mbulu, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidar","family":"Ormaasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecky I","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein G","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan N","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"Medical Department, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP1660","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Towards universal access. 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