{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:12:39Z","timestamp":1785928359100,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coadministration of rifampicin dramatically reduces the concentrations of protease inhibitors. A pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults showed that doubling the dose of coformulated lopinavir\/ritonavir was able to overcome the inducing effect of rifampicin. We evaluated this strategy in children treated with rifampicin-based antituberculosis therapy attending antiretroviral clinics in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plasma concentrations of lopinavir were measured in children (aged 0.64\u20132.43 years) established on antituberculosis treatment who commenced antiretroviral therapy comprising double the usual recommended dose of lopinavir\/ritonavir oral solution (460\/115 mg\/ m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      twice daily) plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Control children (0.57\u20134.23 years old) without tuberculosis received standard doses of lopinavir\/ritonavir (230\/57.5 mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      twice daily).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-dose lopinavir concentrations were reduced by &gt;80% in children with tuberculosis (median 0.7 mg\/l, IQR 0.1\u20132.0) compared with controls (4.2 mg\/l, IQR 3.4\u20138.1; P&lt;0.001) and were below the minimum recommended concentration of 1 mg\/l in 12 of 20 (60%) children with tuberculosis versus 2 of 24 (8%) controls ( P&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Double doses of coformulated lopinavir\/ ritonavir results in inadequate lopinavir concentrations in young children treated concurrently with rifampicin. Suitable regimens are urgently needed for treating young children with HIV-associated tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp1757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,18]],"date-time":"2011-03-18T09:32:15Z","timestamp":1300440735000},"page":"417-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Lopinavir Exposure is Insufficient in Children Given Double Doses of Lopinavir\/Ritonavir during Rifampicin-Based Treatment for Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"McIlleron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross Children's Hospital, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Fairlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, ECHO, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Rabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross Children's Hospital, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, ECHO, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepta","family":"Merry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and University of Dublin School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Maartens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP1757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1553-1560.2004"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP1757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181642257"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP1757","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decloedt E., Maartens G., Smith P., Merry C., McIlleron H. The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in South African HIV-infected volunteers receiving rifampicin with adjusted doses of lopinavir\/ritonavir.\n                      11th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy\n                      . 7\u20139 April 2010, Sorrento, Italy. Abstract 47.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01598-10"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP1757","first-page":"4","volume":"3","author":"la Porte C.J.L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reviews in Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP1757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282faa71e"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP1757","unstructured":"Moodley M., Reitz C., Fairlie L. Treatment outcomes among HIV-infected infants and young children following modifications to protease inhibitor-based therapy due to TB treatment.\n                      17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 16\u201319 February 2010, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract 160."},{"key":"bibr7-IMP1757","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children: towards universal access. Executive summary of recommendations. Preliminary version for program planning. Geneva: World Health Organization 2010. (Updated 10 June 2010. Accessed 30 June 2010.) Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/paediatric\/paed-prelim-summary.pdf."},{"key":"bibr8-IMP1757","unstructured":"Neely M., Rutstein R., Del Bianco G. Safety and efficacy of NRTI-only antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected children.\n                      17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 16\u201319 February 2010, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract 879."},{"key":"bibr9-IMP1757","unstructured":"Bobat R., Kiepiela P., Kindra G. Resistance in ART-naive paediatric subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection: experiences from a pilot study.\n                      4th IAS Conference on Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention\n                      . 22\u201325 July 2007, Sydney, Australia. Abstract TUBEB053."},{"key":"bibr10-IMP1757","unstructured":"Oudijk J.M., McIlleron H., Mulenga V. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in young children during combined ART and rifampicin-containing antituberculosis treatment.\n                      5th IAS Conference on Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention\n                      . 19\u201322 July 2009, Cape Town, South Africa. Abstract LBPEB10."},{"key":"bibr11-IMP1757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-1"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP1757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:49:58Z","timestamp":1777380598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP1757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP1757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp1757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]}}}