{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:49:15Z","timestamp":1791280155350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found the vaginal microbicide Carraguard unable to prevent HIV infection. A substudy assessed the association of genital high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in women at study end with Carraguard use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Participants received Carraguard gel or placebo plus condoms, and were instructed to use gel plus condoms during each act of vaginal intercourse. HR-HPV detection on cervical samples from 1,723 women was by Digene Hybrid Capture 2 analysis. Poisson regression analysis assessed the prevalence of genital HR-HPV for individuals receiving Carraguard relative to individuals receiving placebo.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In the Carraguard arm ( n=875) the end trial unadjusted HR-HPV prevalence was 23.5% (95% CI 20.8\u2013 26.3) and 23.0% (95% CI 20.2\u201325.8) in placebo arm ( n=843). Significant risk factors for HR-HPV infection were younger age, being single, an abnormal pap smear, multiple sexual partners and promiscuous behaviour without the use of a condom. There were 348 compliant women (174 Carraguard, 174 placebo users), with relatively high adherence to gel use, who inserted 80% of their opened, returned applicators of test product with the proportion of applicator insertions to sex acts >30%. After adjusting for risk factors, these compliant Carraguard users were 0.62 as likely to be classified HR-HPV positive (95% CI 0.41\u20130.94) as compliant placebo users.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of HR-HPV infection was lower in compliant Carraguard users than compliant placebo users. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a negative association of HPV infection with a vaginal microbicide.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp1890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,24]],"date-time":"2011-08-24T14:22:19Z","timestamp":1314195739000},"page":"1219-1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Effectiveness of Carraguard, a Vaginal Microbicide, in Protecting Women against High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dianne","family":"Marais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gawarecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khatija","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setshaba Research Centre, Soshangwe, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Altini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazira","family":"Cassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setshaba Research Centre, Soshangwe, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Gopolang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Ramjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lise","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP1890","volume-title":"Incidence of histological diagnosed cancer in South Africa, 1992","author":"Sitas 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