{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:07:51Z","timestamp":1792721271630,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes significant health problems from periodical skin and corneal lesions to encephalitis. HSV entry provides a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we evaluated contortrostatin (CN), an Arg-Gly-Asp motif containing disintegrin isolated from snake venom, as a novel therapeutic agent with ability to block HSV entry and related membrane fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro efficacy of CN against HSV was determined using an HSV type-1 (HSV-1) entry assay based on the measurement of \u03b2-galactosidase reporter activity originating from the genome of a recombinant strain of HSV-1(KOS) gL86. HSV-1 glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion was used to study the effect of CN on polykaryocyte formation. Primary as well as transformed cell lines were used for this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells expressing HSV-1 glycoprotein D receptors and primary cultures of human corneal fibroblasts (CF) with CN resulted in the inhibition of entry, cell-to-cell fusion, and polykaryocyte formation. Interestingly, a more pronounced anti-HSV-1 effect was observed in naturally susceptible CF than CHO-K1 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CN, a novel venom-derived peptide, exhibits the ability to block two key steps, entry and cell-to-cell fusion, in HSV infection. Showing strong promise for development as an anti-HSV agent, it also demonstrates better prophylactic efficacy in primary cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T09:12:53Z","timestamp":1344417173000},"page":"1319-1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Contortrostatin, a Homodimeric Disintegrin Isolated from Snake Venom Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Entry and Cell Fusion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiksha","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Maus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Francis S","family":"Markland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 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