{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:44:39Z","timestamp":1777452279179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in HIV-infected individuals. In adults, traditional and HIV-related factors play a role in vitamin D status, and deficiency appears to impair immune restoration and exacerbate HIV complications, like cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study sought to determine factors contributing to vitamin D status in HIV-infected youth and investigate the relationship with CVD risk, inflammation and immune restoration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV-infected subjects (1-25 years old) were enrolled prospectively along with healthy controls that were group-matched by age, sex and race. HIV data were collected for the HIV-infected group, while traditional risk factors, including vitamin D intake, sun exposure, skin pigmentation, physical activity level and body mass index (BMI) were collected for both groups. Fasting lipids, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and inflammation markers were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 200 HIV-infected subjects and 50 controls were enrolled. HIV group had 53% male, 95% Black and a mean age of 17.2 \u00b14.6 years. There was no difference in 25(OH)D between groups; 77% of HIV+ and 74% of controls had 25(OH)D&lt;20 ng\/ml. Only Fitzpatrick skin type was independently associated with 25(OH)D. No HIV variables were associated with 25(OH)D, even when HIV sub-populations were examined. Inflammation, CVD risk factors and immune restoration were not independently associated with 25(OH)D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common among HIV-infected youth. However, HIV factors, CVD risk, inflammation and immune restoration do not appear to have the same relationship with vitamin D as has been shown in adults. Supplementation trials are needed to determine if increasing 25(OH)D concentrations could better elucidate these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T07:03:43Z","timestamp":1345100623000},"page":"1069-1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency and Relationship with Cardiac Biomarkers, Inflammation and Immune Restoration in HIV-Infected Youth"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Allison Ross","family":"Eckard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas R","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres F","family":"Camacho-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham R","family":"Hadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth E","family":"Grossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaTeshia","family":"Seaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Seydafkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nayoka","family":"Rimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vin","family":"Tangpricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace A","family":"McComsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 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