{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:42:36Z","timestamp":1782564156483,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Through a multistep process, HSV-1 enters into naturally susceptible human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells where it establishes an optimal environment for viral replication and spread. HSV-1 employment of cytoskeletal proteins, kinases, and cell signalling pathways is crucial for the entry process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we demonstrate that non-muscle myosin IIA (NM-IIA) and\/or a myosin activating kinase, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), can be targeted for the development of new and effective therapies against HSV-1. HCE cells were incubated with MLCK inhibitors ML-7 and ML-9 and NM-IIA inhibitor blebbistatin. Following the application of inhibitors, HSV-1 entry and spread to neighbouring HCE cells was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upon application of MLCK inhibitors ML-7 and ML-9 and NM-IIA inhibitor blebbistatin, HSV-1 entry into HCE cells was significantly decreased. Furthermore, dramatic impairment of glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion was seen in cells treated with MLCK inhibitors, thus establishing a role for MLCK activation in cell-to-cell fusion and multinucleated syncytial cell formation. These results also indicate that the activation of motor protein NM-IIA by MLCK is crucial for cytoskeletal changes required for HSV-1 infection of corneal cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide new evidence that NM-IIA and MLCK can be used as effective antiviral targets against ocular herpes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T13:07:13Z","timestamp":1372424833000},"page":"15-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Inhibition of Myosin Light Chain Kinase Can be Targeted for the Development of New Therapies against Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thessicar E","family":"Antoine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.964"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331220"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.06.027"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343739"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200101000-00001"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1807"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.01.005"},{"key":"bibr8-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3471-3481.2002"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP2661","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.7.2407"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP2661","first-page":"614","volume":"36","author":"Araki-Sasaki 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