{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:05:36Z","timestamp":1791198336226,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few studies have investigated objective markers of lipodystrophy in African children. We compared body circumferences, skin-fold thickness (SFT) and lipids in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and stavudine (d4T)-exposed children with HIV-uninfected controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the CHAPAS-3 trial, HIV-infected children (ART-naive or on d4T for \u22652 years without clinical lipodystrophy) were randomized to d4T, abacavir or zidovudine with lamivudine (3TC) plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC), SFT (biceps, triceps, sub-scapular and supra-iliac) and fasting lipids (total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL] and triglycerides [TRIG]) were measured at randomization in all HIV-infected children, and in HIV-uninfected controls. Age- and sex-adjusted z-scores of MUAC, CC, SFT and the sum of SFT (SSF) using Dutch reference data were compared across groups using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 496 children, 49% were male, 299 (median age 2.5 years [IQR 1.5\u20134.0]) were ART-naive, 109 (median age 6 years [IQR 5.5\u20137.0]) were ART-experienced and 88 (median age 2.2 years [IQR 1.5\u20133.0]) were control children. Overall, 100% and 95% of ART-experienced children had been on d4T plus 3TC and nevirapine, respectively, for a median 3.5 years (IQR 2.6\u20134.2). Mean (sd) weight-for-age z-scores and MUAC z-scores were -1.51 (1.29) versus -0.90 (0.88) versus -0.33 (1.15) and -1.56 (1.25) versus -1.24 (0.97) versus -0.65 (1.06) in ART-naive versus -experienced versus controls, respectively (all P&lt;0.02). The mean (sd) of SSF was lower in the ART-experienced (-0.78 [1.28]) than in the ART-naive (-0.32 [1.09]; P&lt;0.0001) children and controls (-0.29 [0.88]; P&lt;0.002). ART-experienced children had higher mean fasting TC, LDL and HDL but lower TRIG compared to ART-naive children ( P-values &lt;0.0001), and higher TC and HDL but lower TRIG compared to controls ( P-values &lt;0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In ART-experienced children on d4T-containing regimens, we observed lower SFT and higher TC and LDL values compared to ART-naive children and HIV-uninfected controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T14:34:29Z","timestamp":1382711669000},"page":"269-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anthropometric Measurements and Lipid Profiles to Detect Early Lipodystrophy in Antiretroviral Therapy Experienced HIV-Infected Children in the Chapas-3 Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Musiime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kayiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Zangata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Nansubuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor-Uganda, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Arach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Wavamunno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Komunyena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor-Uganda, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Kabamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice R","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor-Uganda, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Mirembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Abongomera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeodata","family":"Kekitiinwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor-Uganda, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cissy","family":"Kityo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CHAPAS-3 trial team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200508","volume":"12","author":"Boulle A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041811"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702008000400018"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v10i4.264"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70287-6"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP2695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200811","volume":"12","author":"Aurpibul 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