{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:49:29Z","timestamp":1777452569330,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis assessed changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D; the precursor form of active vitamin D) in antiretroviral-naive adults receiving rilpivirine or efavirenz over 48 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, Phase III trial (ECHO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECHO included 690 patients randomized 1:1 to receive rilpivirine 25 mg once daily ( n=346) or efavirenz 600 mg once daily ( n=344), plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\/emtricitabine. 25(OH)D was measured in stored serum samples collected at baseline, and weeks 24 and 48. Proportions of patients with optimal\/sufficient (\u226530 ng\/ml), insufficient (21\u201329 ng\/ml), deficient (10\u201320 ng\/ml) and severely deficient (&lt;10 ng\/ml) 25(OH) D levels were determined. Data are presented for patients with paired baseline and week 48 25(OH)D data (rilpivirine, n=292; efavirenz, n=290).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After 48 weeks, mean 25(OH)D levels remained largely unchanged from baseline with rilpivirine (-0.2 ng\/ml; P=0.57 versus no change), but were significantly reduced with efavirenz (-2.5 ng\/ml; P&lt;0.0001 versus no change). When adjusting for season of randomization and the combined variable of race (Black\/African American, White\/Caucasian, Asian, other race) and ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino and not Hispanic or not Latino), the conclusion about the treatment difference between the rilpivirine and efavirenz treatment groups remained valid. At baseline the proportion of patients with severe 25(OH)D deficiency was similar in both groups (5%) but was significantly lower with rilpivirine than efavirenz at week 48 (5% versus 9%, respectively; P=0.032). Furthermore, of the patients with 25(OH)D insufficiency\/deficiency at baseline, the proportion who developed severe 25(OH)D deficiency at week 48 was significantly lower with rilpivirine than efavirenz (2% versus 8%, respectively; P=0.0079).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rilpivirine had little effect on 25(OH)D, whereas efavirenz resulted in a significant reduction in 25(OH)D levels and an increase in the risk of severe 25(OH)D deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T07:20:35Z","timestamp":1389856835000},"page":"191-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Change in Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency over 48 Weeks among HIV-1-Infected, Treatment-Naive Adults Receiving Rilpivirine or Efavirenz in a Phase III Trial (Echo)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"David A","family":"Wohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Orkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Doroana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 H","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Geral de Nova Igua\u00e7u & Laboratorio de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular\/IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somnuek","family":"Sungkanuparph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Yeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Vanveggel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Deckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Boven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0325"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834f324b"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822e57e9"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0040"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328347f6f7"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821ae418"},{"key":"bibr8-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-7-40"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0081"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c3281"},{"key":"bibr11-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0241"},{"key":"bibr12-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0980"},{"key":"bibr13-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.12.001"},{"key":"bibr14-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0025"},{"key":"bibr15-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq158"},{"key":"bibr16-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0082-8"},{"key":"bibr17-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks176"},{"key":"bibr18-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834544af"},{"key":"bibr19-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283454461"},{"key":"bibr20-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834542fa"},{"key":"bibr21-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0058"},{"key":"bibr22-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328337b161"},{"key":"bibr23-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0183"},{"key":"bibr24-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1502"},{"key":"bibr25-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0063"},{"key":"bibr26-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244216.08327.39"},{"key":"bibr27-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831f4685"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr28-IMP2721","first-page":"A42","volume":"15","author":"Rockstroh J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"bibr29-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60936-7"},{"key":"bibr30-IMP2721","unstructured":"EDURANT. 25mg film-coated tablets. Summary of product characteristics. Janssen-Cilag International NV, November 2011. (Updated December 2013. Accessed 28 January 2013). Available from http:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/EMC\/medicine\/25490\/SPC\/Edurant+25+mg\/."},{"key":"bibr31-IMP2721","unstructured":"EDURANT\u2122 (rilpivirine) tablets. Full prescribing information. Janssen, Inc., 2011. (Updated June 2013. Accessed 28 January 2013). Available from http:\/\/www.edurant-info.com\/sites\/default\/files\/EDURANT-PI.pdf."},{"key":"bibr32-IMP2721","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplement fact sheet: vitamin D, 24 June 2011. (Accessed 28 January 2013). Available from http:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/vitamind\/."},{"key":"bibr33-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.860"},{"key":"bibr34-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1867-7"},{"key":"bibr35-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5664"},{"key":"bibr36-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0182"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr37-IMP2721","first-page":"A19","volume":"16","author":"Tebas P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr38-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2525"},{"key":"bibr39-IMP2721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0803-164"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP2721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP2721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:51:38Z","timestamp":1777380698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP2721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP2721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp2721","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}}}