{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:50:25Z","timestamp":1777452625521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The impact of boosted protease inhibitor therapy on inflammatory and cardiovascular biomarker levels in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients remains unclear and may differ between agents. Unconjugated bilirubin elevation, which favourably affects vascular biomarkers and cardiovascular disease risk in Gilbert's syndrome, occurs with atazanavir.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CASTLE was a 96-week study comparing efficacy and safety in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients randomized to atazanavir\/ritonavir (ATV\/r) versus lopinavir\/ritonavir (LPV\/r), each in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\/emtricitabine. In this substudy, fasting plasma tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen were assessed at baseline, week 12, 24, 48 and 96. Impact of grade 3\u20134 hyperbilirubinaemia on biomarkers was examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CASTLE demonstrated similar efficacy in both treatment arms with higher rates of hyperbilirubinaemia on ATV\/r and elevated lipids on LPV\/r. In this substudy ( n=224), patterns of biomarker expression were similar between the ATV\/r and LPV\/r groups and between-group differences in biomarker percentage change from baseline were not significant at 48 and\/or 96 weeks. Hyperbilirubinaemia did not influence fasting biomarker expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences were noted between ATV\/r and LPV\/r for biomarker percentage changes from baseline. Furthermore, no association was found between total bilirubin levels and biomarker expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp2778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T12:25:44Z","timestamp":1397651144000},"page":"693-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Biomarkers in HIV-1-Infected Treatment-Naive Patients Treated with Tenofovir DF\/Emtricitabine plus Atazanavir\/Ritonavir or Lopinavir\/Ritonavir for 96 Weeks: The CASTLE Biomarker Substudy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Graeme","family":"Moyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol\u2013Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Plainsboro, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Uy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol\u2013Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Plainsboro, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelanjana","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol\u2013Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Jimenez-Exposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol\u2013Myers Squibb, Rueil-Malmaison, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donnie","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol\u2013Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"DeJesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a3172"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0903-177"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283174636"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652749"},{"key":"bibr5-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e66216"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1398-b"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.633206"},{"key":"bibr8-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(01)00601-3"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.211789"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835b2ef1"},{"key":"bibr11-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c990bf"},{"key":"bibr12-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45"},{"key":"bibr13-IMP2778","unstructured":"American Medical Association. AMA manual of style: a guide for authors and editors (10th Edition). (Updated 2014. Accessed 18 February 2014.) Available from http:\/\/www.amamanualofstyle.com\/page\/si-conversion-calculator."},{"key":"bibr14-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05032-11"},{"key":"bibr15-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0633"},{"key":"bibr16-IMP2778","first-page":"2434","volume":"18","author":"Henry K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr17-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354f4fb"},{"key":"bibr18-IMP2778","unstructured":"Smith K.Y., Fine D., Patel P. Similarity in efficacy and safety of abacavir\/lamivudine (ABC\/3TC) compared to tenofovir\/emtricitabine (TDF\/FTC) in combination with QD lopinavir\/ritonavir (LPV\/r) over 96 weeks in the HEAT study.\n                      XVII International AIDS Conference\n                      . 3\u20138 August 2008, Mexico City, Mexico. Abstract LBPE1138."},{"key":"bibr19-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0278"},{"key":"bibr20-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181f7f61a"},{"key":"bibr21-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir134"},{"key":"bibr22-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.21"},{"key":"bibr23-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200204150-00003"},{"key":"bibr24-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2005.01547.x"},{"key":"bibr25-IMP2778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2012.01026.x"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP2778","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP2778","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:51:59Z","timestamp":1777380719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP2778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP2778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp2778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]}}}