{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:38:12Z","timestamp":1789821492978,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antiretroviral (ART) drugs have been associated with higher triglycerides (TG), higher total cholesterol (TC) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Associations between lipid levels with HIV viraemia and immunosuppression in the presence of ART remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants from the D:A:D study with at least one TG\/TC\/HDL-C measurement were included. Linear mixed effect models were used to determine the association of ART, viral load (VL), nadir and current CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell count and previous AIDS diagnosis with lipids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 49,717 participants, 90%, 92% and 80% contributed at least one TG\/TC\/HDL-C measurement (median follow-up 6.8, 6.8 and 5.0 years, respectively). Predicted mean (95% CI) baseline levels for TG, TC and HDL-C (mmol\/l), were 2.10 (2.05, 2.14), 4.94 (4.91, 4.98) and 1.08 (1.07, 1.10), respectively. Lopinavir was associated with the worst TG profile, (27.2% higher levels compared to atazanavir; 95% CI 25.2%, 29.2%), and darunavir had a similar profile as atazanavir. The nucleoside pair lamivudine\/tenofovir was associated with the most favourable TG profile (-2.8%; -3.5%, -2.0%) compared with emtricitabine\/tenofovir, whereas lamivudine\/abacavir (+10.2%; +9.3%, +11.2%) and lamivudine\/ stavudine (+8.0%; +6.9%, +9.0%), were associated with the worst. Raltegravir was associated with lower TG (-5.2%; -6.4%, -3.9%), and nevirapine had a more favourable HDL-C profile (+11.3%; +10.8%, +11.7%) than efavirenz (+5.3%; 5.0%, 5.7%), compared to atazanavir. Higher VLs were associated with lower TG\/TC\/HDL-C, whereas higher CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell counts were associated with higher TG\/TC\/HDL-C.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TG, TC and HDL-C levels, which generally improved over time, are dependent on ART, viraemia and, to a lesser extent, immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp3051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T07:14:30Z","timestamp":1461654870000},"page":"495-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Longitudinal Analysis of the Associations between Antiretroviral Therapy, Viraemia and Immunosuppression with Lipid Levels: The D:A:D Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"David A","family":"Kamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lene","family":"Ryom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rickenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Mocroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"De Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU St Pierre Hospital, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella d'Arminio","family":"Monforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Dabis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre Inserm U0897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Pradier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens 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