{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:38:41Z","timestamp":1782344321738,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human papillomaviruses (HPV), the causative agents of anogenital warts, are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infectious agents, and wart treatment poses a persistent challenge. We assessed the safety and efficacy of treating HPV with ranpirnase, an endoribonuclease from the northern leopard frog that has been used extensively in Phase III oncology trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As initial verification of ranpirnase antiviral activity, we assessed its ability to eliminate papilloma-viruses in cultured cells. To further assess its feasibility for treating anogenital warts in humans, we performed a Phase I study. Forty-two male volunteers with genital\/ perianal warts were treated topically with three different formulations of 1 mg\/ml ranpirnase. Patients were monitored for 8 weeks or until healing. Four patients with HIV were treated in accordance with the compassionate programme but were not evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In cultured cells, ranpirnase showed specific activity against HPV-11 with low toxicity (selectivity index &gt;88). The broad applicability of ranpirnase for treating papillomaviruses was verified using the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. In the clinical study, eight participants were lost-to-follow-up or discontinued due to protocol violation or non-compliance. Among 30 evaluable participants, topical ranpirnase was moderately well-tolerated, with discontinuation by 5 (16.7%) due to adverse reactions. Clinical healing was achieved by 25 participants (83.3%) and 50% improvement by the 5 discontinued participants (16.7%). The median time to clinical healing was 30 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first in vitro and clinical evidence of the antiviral efficacy of ranpirnase against HPV and supports assessment of ranpirnase in expanded clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp3133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]],"date-time":"2017-01-25T08:46:14Z","timestamp":1485333974000},"page":"247-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ranpirnase Eradicates Human Papillomavirus in Cultured Cells and Heals Anogenital Warts in a Phase I Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Squiquera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra J","family":"Taxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Brendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Sulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sidransky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamir Biotechnology, Inc., Clinical Development, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP3133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37083"},{"key":"bibr2-IMP3133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.02.002"},{"key":"bibr3-IMP3133","first-page":"25","volume":"5","author":"Yanofsky V.R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet 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