{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:20:15Z","timestamp":1790814015954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efavirenz has been a mainstay of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for over 15 years in the US. Its association with neuropsychiatric side effects may influence clinical prescribing and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included HIV-infected adults enrolled in care at seven sites across the US, who initiated combination ART between 1999 and 2015. We examined the proportion initiating and continuing on efavirenz, overall and by mental health status. Log binomial and Cox models were used to estimate associations between mental health, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and initiating or switching from efavirenz as first-line ART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 8,230 participants included, 3,710 (45%) initiated efavirenz. In multivariable analyses, prior mono-or dual-ART, ART initiation after 2006, being female, intravenous drug use, antidepressant prescription, previous mental health diagnosis and baseline CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell count &gt;350 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      were inversely associated with initiating efavirenz. Participants initiating efavirenz had a faster time to a regimen switch, compared with those initiating an efavirenz-free regimen ( P-value &lt;0.01). Among efavirenz initiators, starting efavirenz in more recent time periods and a previous mental health diagnosis were associated with faster time to switching from efavirenz. Despite this, 40\u201350% of participants with a previous mental health diagnosis initiated and continued on efavirenz for much of the follow-up period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple clinical factors, including mental health diagnoses, appeared to influence efavirenz use. While mental health diagnosis status and more recent treatment starts were associated with shorter duration of efavirenz therapy, a previous mental health diagnosis did not preclude efavirenz initiation or continuation in many participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3851\/imp3223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1518172252000},"page":"363-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Patterns of Efavirenz use as First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States: 1999\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Angela M","family":"Bengtson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W","family":"Pence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen F","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie K","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J","family":"Eron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Mollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connall","family":"O'Cleirigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Mugavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-IMP3223","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. (Updated 8 April 2015. Accessed 11 October 2016.) Available from https:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL003400.pdf."},{"key":"bibr2-IMP3223","unstructured":"Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (Updated 5 May 1999. Accessed 11 November 2016.) Available from https:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL05051999011.pdf."},{"key":"bibr3-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku058"},{"key":"bibr4-IMP3223","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach. 2010. (Accessed 11 November 2016.) Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/arv\/adult2010\/en."},{"key":"bibr5-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124279"},{"key":"bibr6-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13631"},{"key":"bibr7-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30205-9"},{"key":"bibr8-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2016.0120"},{"key":"bibr9-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001084"},{"key":"bibr10-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9939-5"},{"key":"bibr11-IMP3223","volume-title":"Package insert","author":"Sustiva (efavirenz).","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr12-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0293"},{"key":"bibr13-IMP3223","unstructured":"Arenas-Pinto A., Grund B., Sharma S. Increased risk of suicidal behaviour with use of efavirenz: results from the START Trial.\n                      AIDS\n                      . 18\u201322 July 2016, Durban, South Africa. Abstract THAB0202."},{"key":"bibr14-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19214"},{"key":"bibr15-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002480"},{"key":"bibr16-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19512"},{"key":"bibr17-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym231"},{"key":"bibr18-IMP3223","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. (Updated 2016. Accessed 16 October 2017.) Available from http:\/\/www.aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf."},{"key":"bibr19-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088445"},{"key":"bibr20-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.014"},{"key":"bibr21-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"bibr22-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737"},{"key":"bibr23-IMP3223","unstructured":"Babor T.F., Higgins-Biddle J.C., Saunders J.B., Monteiro M.G. AUDIT, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Dependence DoMHaS; 2001. (Accessed 16 October 2017.) Available from http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/67205\/WHO_MSD_MSB_01.6a.pdf;jsessionid=4C151A61DCEDB155672A614E64566BF4?sequence=1."},{"key":"bibr24-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x"},{"key":"bibr25-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x"},{"key":"bibr26-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050042891"},{"key":"bibr27-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000225020.73760.c2"},{"key":"bibr28-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.6.851"},{"key":"bibr29-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160738"},{"key":"bibr30-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-3-11"},{"key":"bibr31-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.08.006"},{"key":"bibr32-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.3.355"},{"key":"bibr33-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw109"},{"key":"bibr34-IMP3223","first-page":"143","volume":"22","author":"FDA notifications","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids Alert"},{"key":"bibr35-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/P7MJ-K2WD-T1FY-AU8L"},{"key":"bibr36-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000147523.41993.47"},{"key":"bibr37-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708975"},{"key":"bibr38-IMP3223","first-page":"171","volume":"17","author":"D'Abbraccio M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"bibr39-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170661"},{"key":"bibr40-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001269"},{"key":"bibr41-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000789"},{"key":"bibr42-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886313666180116124046"},{"key":"bibr43-IMP3223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12538"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP3223","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3851\/IMP3223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:52:29Z","timestamp":1777380749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3851\/IMP3223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3851\/IMP3223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/imp3223","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}}}